S-100 is a soluble acidic protein. There are three subtypes, namely s-100ao, s-100a and s-100b. S-100 mainly exists in nervous tissue, pituitary, carotid body, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, and few interlobular tissues, S-100 is mainly used to diagnose the astrocytoma oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, neuroblastoma, schwannoma, malignant melanoma and liposarcoma.
S100P is a member of S100 protein family. Its abnormal expression in tumor plays an important role in tumor growth, proliferation, invasion and metastasis through various signaling pathways. It is highly expressed in placenta and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but not in benign ductal and acinar glands. S100P is reported to be expressed in all infiltrating components of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors, including nerves, lymph nodes, and microinfiltrates. S100P is strongly positive in 90% of primary cancer bile duct biopsies, but negative in benign biopsies. Therefore, S100P can help us distinguish cancer from reactive epithelial changes in bile duct biopsies. At the same time, S100P is one of the specific markers of urothelial carcinoma.
SALL4 gene is responsible for regulating the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and is a key gene in many tumors. SALL4 is a kind of carcinoembryonic protein. Studies show that SALL4 is a sensitive and specific marker of seminoma and ovarian primordial germ cell tumor, and also a marker of invasive hepatocarcinoid subtype. SALL4 can be used as a potential target for targeted treatment of hepatocarcinoid.
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