SALL4 gene is responsible for regulating the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and is a key gene in many tumors. SALL4 is a kind of carcinoembryonic protein. Studies show that SALL4 is a sensitive and specific marker of seminoma and ovarian primordial germ cell tumor, and also a marker of invasive hepatocarcinoid subtype. SALL4 can be used as a potential target for targeted treatment of hepatocarcinoid.
SATB2 is a DNA-binding protein that specifically binds to the nuclear matrix attachment region and is involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling, with developmental roles in craniofacial, neural, and osteoblast differentiation. SATB2 protein was highly expressed in brain, digestive tract, bone marrow and immune system, but not in other tissues. SATB2 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer, but weakly or not expressed in other tumors such as gastric adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer. For tumors with unknown primary site, SATB2 positivity suggests the origin of lower gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have shown that SATB2 is also a marker of osteoblast differentiation and can be used for the diagnosis of osteosarcoma.
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex is a key respiratory enzyme composed of four subunits, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. SDHB was expressed in the cytoplasm of normal cells, but absent in abnormal cells. SDHB mutations can lead to oncogenesis of pheochromocytoma, causing a class of tumors called succinate dehydrogenase-deficient tumors, including hereditary paraganglioma and hereditary pheochromocytoma, succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal carcinoma, and succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
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