SOX10 protein is widely expressed in normal human tissues, including melanocytes and breast tissue. SOX10 is expressed in almost all nevi and malignant melanomas, including 97-100% of fibroproliferative and spindle cell melanomas, schwannomas, neurofibromas, and granular cell tumors. SOX10 is also expressed in most oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas. SOX10 can be used in combination with other antibodies for the diagnosis of malignant schwannoma and melanocytoma.
SOX11 is a nuclear transcription factor located at 2P25.3, which is mainly related to embryonic neural development. It contains two major functional domains, the HMG DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus and the trans-activation domain at the C-terminus. The expression of SOX11 is critical for the embryonic nervous system and tissue remodeling. Sox11 is normally expressed during the development of the human embryonic nervous system and is required for neurite outgrowth and the existence of neurons. SOX11 is mainly expressed in the brain at 18-25 weeks of gestation. Outside the CNS, SOX11 was mainly expressed at the junction of epithelial and mesothelial tissue. SOX11 is not expressed in normal adult tissues. SOX11 is overexpressed in most mantle cell lymphomas, including the rare cyclin D1 negative cases. SOX11 is currently mainly used to identify mantle cell lymphoma.
The SOX2 gene encodes a member of the SRY-related HMG-box (SOX) family of transcription factors, which plays an important role in early organ development. SOX2 can be used in the auxiliary diagnosis of germ cell tumors. 90% of embryonic cancers express SOX2, but not in seminoma, yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinoma. SOX2 has been shown to be a negative prognostic factor and associated with aggressive phenotypes in breast, head and neck, gastric, colorectal and bladder cancers. In small cell lung cancers, SOX2 was also correlated with a poor prognosis. Conversely, SOX2 is expressed in a high percentage of lung squamous cell carcinomas and was shown to be an independent positive prognostic marker.
STAT6 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is a member of the STAT family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that regulate gene expression by transmitting signals to the nucleus and binding to specific DNA promoter sequences. STAT6 is essential for embryonic development, immune tolerance, tumor surveillance, and cellular processes such as cell differentiation, growth, and apoptosis. Nuclear expression of STAT6 is found in almost all cases of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) and very limited expression in other soft tissue tumors, thus STAT6 is a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker of SFT and may help to distinguish this tumor type from histological mimics.
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