Claudin4, a member of the tight junction protein family, is mainly distributed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the intestinal cavity in normal tissues. It is mainly distributed in the cell membrane in adenomas and in the cell membrane in colorectal cancer. The highest expression was observed in adenomas. Claudin-4 has been shown to distinguish adenocarcinoma from malignant mesothelioma with 99% specificity in malignant effusions. In multivariate analysis of breast cancer, Claudin-4 overexpression was able to independently predict survival, as it was associated with poor prognosis, high tumor grade, and Her2 expression, and was inversely associated with estrogen receptor staining.
The C-MYC gene is a proto-oncogene that is expressed in a variety of cell types, and its expression is often increased in cells with active proliferation and in various tumor cells. The expression of C-MYC gene is associated with the proliferation of breast cancer, colon cancer and bladder cancer. Studies have shown that C-MYC is essential for angiogenesis and angiogenesis in neoplastic diseases. Overexpression of C-MYC oncogene is associated with the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer.
Cox-2 is an inducible enzyme which can be involved in the cell reactions of growth factors, tumor promoters and cytokines, all of those factors can induce cox-2 overexpression. Cox-2 is also involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Cox-2 expression is significantly increased in 85-90% in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients, while cox-1 expression is unchanged.
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