Ki-67 antigen is a nuclear protein related to cell proliferation, which may be the key factor of cell proliferation. In addition, Ki-67 is related to ribosomal RNA transcription. Ki-67 is present in G1, S, M and G2 phases of cell division cycle, but not in G0 phase of cell quiescence. Ki-67 is used to judge the different types of tumors, because it exists in all proliferating cells (normal cells and tumor cells), and it is a very good marker to determine the proliferation rate of a given cell population.
Kidney specific cadherin (KSP cadherin) is a new member of cadherin family. KSP cadherin is a kind of cell adhesion glycoprotein, which is specifically expressed in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and is a marker of the distal convoluted tubules. It is expressed in Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma.
Lambda chain, also known as λ light chain, immunoglobulin λ light chain, is mainly expressed in B cells. "A single B cell expresses only one of the κ and λ light chains, never both." When kappa and λ light chains are used in combination, if the number of B cells positive for one light chain is much more than that of the other, it is called light chain restriction and suggests monoclonal hyperplasia, thus helping to distinguish benign from malignant lymphoid hyperplasia.
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