MSH6, known as MutS homolog 6 (E.coli), is a mismatch repair gene. DNA mismatch repair is very necessary to maintain the integrity of genetic information. The change of microsatellite's reproducibility is caused by the slippage of the hinge misalignment during DNA replication, which is also called microsatellite instability. Mutant mismatch repair proteins are often expressed in patients with high frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H), which is related to autosomal dominant inheritance, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and sporadic (MSI-H) colorectal cancer. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 antibodies can be used to screen the disease in patients and their families.
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which is normally expressed in the proximal luminal or glandular surface of epithelial cells in a variety of tissues and organs, with an apical and polar distribution. However, it is rarely or almost not expressed in the gastrointestinal epithelium, uterine epithelium and prostate. It is abundantly expressed in the mammary gland during lactation and is overexpressed in >90% of breast cancers and advanced epithelial ovarian cancers. Abnormal cytoplasmic and membrane localization of MUC-1 expression is associated with poor patient prognosis and is usually positive in adenocarcinomas but negative in squamous carcinomas and nonepithelial malignancies.
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