PMS2 is a 96kDa mismatch repair protein that forms a heterodimer with MLH1 protein and is then activated in the presence of ATP. This complex coordinates the binding of other proteins that repair DNA errors that occur during cell division. Loss of PMS2 expression in tumor cells helped to identify hMLH1 mutation vectors and to determine whether they were suitable for mutational analysis. PMS2 defects are responsible for a small but significant proportion of colorectal cancers and a large proportion of tumors with microsatellite instability. PMS2 is associated with cases of the dominant genetic disease hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) and is commonly used in cancer studies together with MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6.
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone secreted by prolactin cells in the anterior pituitary eosinophils, which can promote breast development and milk secretion. Prolactin cells account for 15%~25% of normal pituitary cells. This is mainly used to label prolactin cells and their tumors, and to study the functional classification of pituitary tumors.
Progesterone receptor (PR) has two isomers, pra (94kda) and pRb (114kda), whose function is that transcription factors exist in normal endometrial and mammary epithelial cells after ligand activation. Recently, a large number of studies on breast cancer have shown that most of the ER and PR positive data are effective in endocrine therapy, with high remission rate, low recurrence rate and good prognosis. Even if there is only one positive patient in ER or PR, its prognosis is better than the two all negative patients, so PR has become one of the routine examination items for breast cancer patients.
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