CD39L1 protein (ENTPD2 or NTPDase2) is a member of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family which the main role is termination of purinergic signaling. CD39L1 gene encodes a precursor protein with 495 amino acid residues which generates a 437 amino acid residues mature protein after processing. It is an ecto-nucleotidase that found on the surface of vascular adventitial cells and accessory vascular cells. CD39L1 is a Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent enzyme that activates platelets by preferentially converting ATP to ADP. CD39L1 plays a role in regulating thrombosis and inflammation which is considered to be a therapeutic target for thromboregulation and the treatment of vascular inflammation. Alternative splicing of CD39L1 gene results in multiple transcript variants.
Brain-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is a nonglycosylated peptide that is produced predominantly by ventricular myocytes and belongs to the natriuretic peptide family. Proteolytic cleavage of the 12 kDa BNP precursor gives rise to N-terminal Pro BNP (NT-proBNP) and mature BNP. N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a useful marker of heart failure (HF), is considered to be secreted mainly from the ventricle, increased serum NT-proBNP levels are also encountered in conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial septal defect in patients without HF.
Cardiac hormone which may function as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Also plays a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis through natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. Specifically binds and stimulates the cGMP production of the NPR1 receptor. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3.
The Lutheran (Lu) blood group and basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) antigens are both carried by 2 glycoprotein isoforms of the immunoglobulin superfamily representing receptors for the laminin alpha(5) chain. It is a transmembrane receptor with five immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region, and is therefore classified as a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene family. In addition to red blood cells, Lu/BCAM proteins are expressed in endothelial cells of vascular capillaries and in epithelial cells of several tissues. BCAM/LU has a wide tissue distribution with a predominant expression in the basal layer of the epithelium and the endothelium of blood vessel walls. As designated as CD239 recently, BCAM and LU share a significant sequence similarity with the CD146 (MUC18) and CD166, and themselves are adhesion molecules that bind laminin with high affinity. Laminins are found in all basement membranes and are involved in cell differentiation, adhesion, migration, and proliferation. BCAM is upregulated following malignant transformation of some cell types in vivo and in vitro, thus being a candidate molecule involved in tumor progression. In addition, BCAM interacts with integrin in sickle red cells, and thus may potentially play a role in vaso-occlusive episodes.
Opioid-binding Cell Adhesion Molecule (OBCAM), also known as OPCML, is a GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecule in the plasma membrane. This neuron-specific protein, consists of three immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains anchored to the membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-tail. OPCML also belongs to the member of the IgLON family, a subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily, consisting of three members, LAMP, OBCAM, and Neurotrimin. These molecules interact homophilically and heterophilically within the family, and OBCAM acts only as heterodimers with LAMP or Neurotrimin and possibly inhibits neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule cells. OBCAM has been presumed to play a role as a cell adhesion/recognition molecule. Furthermore, the OPCML protein defects may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of cervical or ovarian cancers, and this gene is regarded as a candidate TSG (tumor suppressor gene).
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