Osteoprotegerin or TNFRSF11B is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This protein is an osteoblast-secreted decoy receptor that functions as a negative regulator of bone resorption. This protein specifically binds to its ligand, osteoprotegerin ligand, both of which are key extracellular regulators of osteoclast development. Studies of the mouse counterpart also suggest that this protein and its ligand play a role in lymph-node organogenesis and vascular calcification. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported, but their full length nature has not been determined. Osteoprotegerin/TNFRSF11B acts as decoy receptor for RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis. This protein may inhibit the activation of osteoclasts and promotes osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Bone homeostasis seems to depend on the local RANKL/OPG ratio. Osteoprotegerin/TNFRSF11B also play a role in preventing arterial calcification, act as decoy receptor for TRAIL and protect against apoptosis. TRAIL binding blocks the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.
Oncostatin-M specific receptor subunit beta also known as the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) and Interleukin-31 receptor subunit beta (IL-31RB), is one of the receptor proteins for oncostatin M. OSMR is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family. IL-31RB/OSMR heterodimerizes with interleukin 6 signal transducer to form the type II oncostatin M receptor and with interleukin 31 receptor A to form the interleukin 31 receptor, and thus transduces oncostatin M and interleukin 31 induced signaling events. Mutations in IL-31RB/OSMR have been associated with familial primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Defects in IL-31RB/OSMR are the cause of amyloidosis primary localized cutaneous type 1 (PLCA1), also known as familial lichen amyloidosis or familial cutaneous lichen amyloidosis. PLCA1 is a hereditary primary amyloidosis characterized by localized cutaneous amyloid deposition. This condition usually presents with itching (especially on the lower legs) and visible changes of skin hyperpigmentation and thickening (lichenification) that may be exacerbated by chronic scratching and rubbing. The amyloid deposits probably reflect a combination of degenerate keratin filaments, serum amyloid P component, and deposition of immunoglobulins.
Osteomodulin (OMD), also known as Osteoadherin (OSAD), Keratan sulfate proteoglycan osteomodulin, KSPG osteomodulin, and SLRR2C, is a secreted protein which belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and Class II subfamily. SLRP family proteins are normally found in extracellular matrices, but Osteomodulin is the only member restricted to mineralized tissues. Osteomodulin is primarily expressed by osteoblasts and might have a role in regulation of mineralization. In bone OSAD has been localized in primary spongiosa within the bovine fetal rib growth plate. Moreover, in situ hybridization has shown expression of OSAD in osteoblasts close to the cartilage and bone border in the growth plate of rat femur. OSAD may play an important role during tooth development and biomineralization of dentin. Osteomodulin is a cell binding keratan sulfate proteoglycan which was recently isolated from mineralized bovine bone and subsequently cloned and sequenced. Osteomodulin may be implicated in biomineralization processes. It has a function in binding of osteoblasts via the alpha (V) beta (3)-integrin. It is likely that Osteomodulin is an osteoblast maturation marker that is induced by osteoclast activity. Osteomodulin is also an early marker for terminally differentiated matrix producing osteoblasts.
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC,BM-40) protein belongs to the family of secreted matricellular proteins with similar domain structure. Mouse SPARC protein involved an N-terminal acidic region that binds calcium, a follistatin domain containing Kazal-like sequences, and a C-terminal extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain with two EF-hand motifs. SPARC is produced by fibroblasts, capillary endothelial cells, platelets, and macrophages, especially in areas of tissue morphogenesis and remodeling. It appears to regulate cell growth through interactions with the extracellular matrix and cytokines. SPARC is expressed at high levels in tissues undergoing morphogenesis, remodeling and wound repair. The activity of SPARC is to modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and its de-adhesive and growth inhibitory properties in non-transformed cells have led to studies to assess its role in cancer.
Osteopontin, also known as Secreted phosphoprotein 1, Bone sialoprotein 1, BSP-1, OPN, and SPP1, is a member of the osteopontin family and a SIBLING glycoprotein. Osteopontin has been classified as T-helper 1 cytokine and thus believed to exacerbate inflammation in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Besides proinflammatory functions, physiologically Osteopontin is a potent inhibitor of mineralization, it prevents ectopic calcium deposits and is a potent inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification. Osteopontin is expressed and secreted by various cells, and has a role in cell adhesion, chemotaxis, prevention of apoptosis, invasion, migration and anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells. Osteopontin recruitment functions of inflammatory cells are thoμght to be mediated throμgh its adhesive domains, especially the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence that interacts with several integrin heterodimers. Osteopontin has emerged as a potential biomarker and mediator in cardiovascular disease. In the context of atherosclerosis, OPN is generally regarded as a proinflammatory and proatherogenic molecule. However, the role of OPN in vascular calcification (VC), which is closely related to chronic and active inflammation, is that of a negative regulator because it is an inhibitor of calcification and an active inducer of decalcification. Extensive research has demonstrated the pivotal participation of Osteopontin in the regulation of cell signaling which controls neoplastic and malignant transformation. The elevated expression of Osteopontin has been observed in a variety of cancers. It has been linked with tumor metastasis and signifies a poor prognosis for the patient.
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