Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR) are cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family. The PDGF family consists of PDGF-A, -B, -C and -D, which form either homo- or heterodimers (PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB, -CC, -DD). The four PDGFs are inactive in their monomeric forms. PDGFs bind to the protein tyrosine kinase receptors PDGF receptor-α and -β. These two receptor isoforms dimerize upon binding the PDGF dimer, leading to three possible receptor combinations, namely -αα, -ββ and -αβ. PDGFRα and PDGFRβ are members of the class III RTK family. Inappropriate PDGFRα and PDGFRβ signaling has been linked to a number of proliferative disorders.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates the TCA cycle.PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability.Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA has been reported as an up-regulated gene in the heart and skeletal muscle of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice under fed conditions. PDK4 plays an important role in the inhibition of glucose oxidation via the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).PDK4 gene expression is stimulated by thyroid hormone (T(3)), glucocorticoids, and long chain fatty acids.
Mouse Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(Cd274,PD-L1), is a member of the growing B7 family of immune proteins.It involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell proliferation and IFNG production in a PDCD1-independent manner. Interaction with PDCD1 inhibits T-cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression and cytokine production.B7-H1 has been identified as one of two ligands for programmed death1 (PD1), a member of the CD28 family of immunoreceptors. B7-H1 is constitutively expressed in several organs such as heart, skeletal muscle B7-H1 expression is upregulated in a small fraction of activated T and B cells and a much larger fraction of activated monocytes. The costimulatory function of B7-H1 is critical for enhancing maturation and differentiation of T-cells in lymphoid organs.B7-H1 expression is also induced in dendritic cells and keratinocytes after IFN gamma stimulation. Interaction of B7-H1 with PD1 results in inhibition of TCR-mediated proliferation and cytokine production. The B7-H1:PD1 pathway is involved in the negative regulation of some immune responses and may play an important role in the regulation of peripheral tolerance.
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