THOP1, also known as Thimet oligopeptidase 1, Thimet oligopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.15, or EP24.15, is a zinc(II) endopeptidase implicated in the processing of numerous physiological peptides. As an intracellular enzyme, highly expressed in the brain, kidneys and neuroendocrine tissue, THOP1 has been proposed to metabolize peptides within cells, thereby affecting antigen presentation and G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction. Its substrates is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), an important hypothalamic hormone that regulates the synthesis and release of oestradiol and facilitates female sexual behaviour. THOP1 against toxic effects of Abeta in the early stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, and suggest that the observed increase in THOP1 expression might be part of a compensatory defense mechanism of the brain against an increased Abeta load.
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is modulated by protein-protein interactions with enzymes in the same pathway or the tetrahydrobiopterin pathway, structural proteins considered to be chaperones that mediate the neuron's oxidative state. It is phosphorylated at serine (Ser) residues Ser8, Ser19, Ser31 and Ser40 in vitro. The phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser19 or Ser8 has no direct effect on tyrosine hydroxylase activity. As tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the formation of L-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of DA, the Parkinson's disease (PD) can be considered as a TH-deficiency syndrome of the striatum. A direct pathogenetic role of TH has also been suggested, as the enzyme is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and a target for radical-mediated oxidative injury. Recently, it has been demonstrated that L-DOPA is effectively oxidized by mammalian Tyrosine hydroxylase in vitro, possibly contributing to the cytotoxic effects of DOPA.
Thrombomodulin is also known as CD141 antigen and blood dendritic cell antigen 3 (BDCA3), which is encoded by the THBD gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of mouse THBD predicts a signal peptide (aa 1 to 16) and a mature chain (aa 17 to 577) that consists of the following domains: C-type lectin, EGF-like, transmembrane and cytoplasmic. Mouse THBD is corresponding to the extracellular portion of the type I membrane protein. Predominantly synthesized by vascular endothelial cells, THBD inhibits coagulation and fibrinolysis. It functions as a cell surface receptor and an essential cofactor for active thrombin, which in turn activates protein C and thrombinactivatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), also known as carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2). In addition, THBD gene polymorphisims are associated with human disease and THBD plays a role in thrombosis, stroke, arteriosclerosis, and cancer.
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone which belongs to the EPO/TPO family. It produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets.Mature mouse Tpo shares 71% and 81% aa sequence homology with human and rat Tpo, respectively. It is an 80-85 kDa protein that consists of an N-terminal domain with homology to Erythropoietin (Epo) and a C-terminal domain that contains multiple N-linked and O-linked glycosylation sites. TPO stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets. Lineage-specific cytokine affects the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes from their committed progenitor cells. It acts at a late stage of megakaryocyte development. It may be the major physiological regulator of circulating platelets.
Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1, also known as transmembrane molecule with thrombospondin module, THSD1 and TMTSP, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains one TSP type-1 domain. THSD1 is a multi-domain, multi-functional glycoprotein synthesized by many cells. Matricellular THSD1 modulates cell adhesion and proliferation. It is involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing and cancer. In vitro, nanomolar concentrations of Thrombospondin-1 are required to alter endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion, proliferation, motility, and survival. As a major platelet protein, for a long time it was postulated to control hemostasis via platelet aggregate stabilization. THSD1 is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, and down-regulation of THSD1 has been suggested to alter tumor growth by modulating angiogenesis in a variety of tumor types.
TEK, or TIE-2, is an endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is known as a functioning molecule of vascular endothelial cells. TEK comprises a subfamily of RTK with TIE, and these two receptors play critical roles in vascular maturation, maintenance of integrity and remodeling. Targeted mutagenesis of both Tek and its agonistic ligand, Angiopoietin-1, result in embryonic lethality, demonstrating that the signal transduction pathways mediated by this receptor are crucial for normal embryonic development. TEK signaling is indispensable for the development of the embryonic vasculature and suggests that TEK signaling may also be required for the development of the tumor vasculature.
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