Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15 (TNFSF15) is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor family. TNFSF15 is predominantly an endothelial cell-specific gene, and recombinant TNFSF15 is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor growth. TNFSF15 exerts two activities on endothelial cells: early G1 arrest of G0/G1-cells responding to growth stimuli and programmed cell death of proliferating cells. These activities are highly specific to endothelial cells. TNFSF15 is also able to regulate the expression of several important genes involved in angiogenesis. These findings are consistent with the view that TNFSF15 functions as an autocrine cytokine to inhibit angiogenesis and stabilize the vasculature.
TLR2, also known as CD282, is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. TLR2 contains 14 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats and 1 TIR domain. TLR2 gene is expressed most abundantly in peripheral blood leukocytes, and mediates host response to Gram-positive bacteria and yeast via stimulation of NF-kappaB. CD282 cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. It also cooperates with TLR1 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides. CD282 acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. It may also promote apoptosis in response to lipoproteins.
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a member of the Toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TLR3/CD283 plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLR3 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by double-stranded RNA, a sign of viral infection. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This receptor is most abundantly expressed in placenta and pancreas, and is restricted to the dendritic subpopulation of the leukocytes. It recognizes dsRNA associated with viral infection, and induces the activation of NF-kappaB and the production of type I interferons. It may thus play a role in host defense against viruses.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor family. TNF exists as a homotrimer and interacts with SPPL2B. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. TNF is a key cytokine in the development of several inflammatory disorders. It contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes throught its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as TNF, TNFA or TNFSF2, is the prototypic cytokine of the TNF superfamily, and is a multifunctional molecule involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. Two receptors, TNF-R1 (TNF receptor type 1; CD120a; p55/60) and TNF-R2 (TNF receptor type 2; CD120b; p75/80), bind to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha protein is produced mainly by macrophages, and large amounts of this cytokine are released in response to lipopolysaccharide, other bacterial products, and Interleukin-1 (IL-1). TNF-alpha is involved in fighting against the tumorigenesis, thus, is regarded as a molecular insight in cancer treatment. TNF-alpha Protein & Antibody
Tumor Necrosis Factor β (TNF-β) is a secreted protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family. TNF-β binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1, TNFRSF1B/TNFBR and TNFRSF14/HVEM in homotrimeric form, binds to TNFRSF3/LTBR in heterotrimeric form with LTB. TNF-β forms heterotrimers with lymphotoxin-beta, which anchors TNF-β to the cell surface. TNF-β mediates the inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral response, involves in the formation of second lymphoid organs during development, has a role in apoptosis. TNF-β is produced by lymphocytes and cytotoxic for a variety of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (Tnfrsf1a) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Tnfrsf1a is one of the major receptors for the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. It can activate the transcription factor NF-κB, mediate apoptosis, and function as a regulator of inflammation. Antiapoptotic protein BCL2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4/SODD) and adaptor proteins TRADD and TRAF2 have been shown to interact with this receptor, and thus play regulatory roles in the signal transduction mediated by the receptor. Germline mutations of the extracellular domains of this receptor were found to be associated with the human genetic disorder called tumor necrosis factor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) or periodic fever syndrome
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. CD120a (cluste of differentiation 120a), also known as TNFR1 / TNFRSF1A, is a member of CD family, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. CD120a is one of the most primary receptors for the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. It has been shown to be localized to both plasma membrane lipid rafts and the trans golgi complex with the help of the death domain (DD). CD120a can activate the transcription factor NF-κB, mediate apoptosis, and regulate inflammation processes.
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