Adiponectin (AdipoQ),an adipocyte-derived hormone,is one of the most abundant adipokines in the blood circulation. Adiponectin modulates a number of metabolic processes,including improving insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity. The role of AdipoQ in reproduction is not yet fully understood,but the expression of AdipoQ in reproductive tissues has been observed in various animals and humans,including chicken testis,bovine ovary,and human placenta. Adiponectin exerts its effects by activating a range of different signaling molecules via binding to two transmembrane AdipoQ receptors,AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. AdipoR1 is expressed primarily in the skeletal muscle,whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. AdipoQ May play a role in cell growth,angiogenesis and tissue remodeling by binding and sequestering various growth factors.
Adrenomedullin (ADM, also AM) is a secreted, monomeric, 6 kDa member of the Adrenomedullin family of molecules. It is widely expressed, being found in smooth muscle cells, endothelium, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes. ADM has multiple functions, including vasodilation, the maintenance of vascular integrity, and the suppression of inflammatory mediator secretion. The ADM preproprecursor is 185 amino acids (aa) in length. It contains a 21 aa signal sequence, a processed 20 aa peptide termed PAMP (aa 22-41), an N-terminal propeptide (aa 45-91), the ADM precursor (amidation is required for maturation) (aa 94 143), and a C-terminal propeptide (aa 150-185). The ADM precursor with a terminal Gly147 circulates naturally with bioactive, mature amidated ADM (aa 94 143).
Receptor for Advanced Glycosylation End Products (RAGE, or AGER) is a member of the immunoglobulin super-family transmembrane proteins, as a signal transduction receptor which binds advanced glycation endproducts, certain members of the S100/calgranulin family of proteins, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), advanced oxidation protein products, and amyloid (beta-sheet fibrils). Initial studies investigating the role of RAGE in renal dysfunction focused on diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory responses. However, RAGE also has roles in the pathogenesis of renal disorders that are not associated with diabetes, such as obesity-related glomerulopathy, doxorubicin-induced nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, lupus nephritis, renal amyloidosis, and ischemic renal injuries. RAGE represents an important factor in innate immunity against pathogens, but it also interacts with endogenous ligands, resulting in chronic inflammation. RAGE signaling has been implicated in multiple human illnesses, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and aging associated diseases.
Probable oxidoreductase that has a dual role in controlling cellular life and death, during apoptosis, it is translocated from the mitochondria to the nucleus to function as a proapoptotic factor in a caspase-independent pathway, while in normal mitochondria, it functions as an antiapoptotic factor via its oxidoreductase activity. The soluble form (AIFsol) found in the nucleus induces 'parthanatos' i.e., caspase-independent fragmentation of chromosomal DNA. Interacts with EIF3G,and thereby inhibits the EIF3 machinery and protein synthesis, and activates casapse-7 to amplify apoptosis. Plays a critical role in caspase-independent, pyknotic cell death in hydrogen peroxide-exposed cells. Binds to DNA in a sequence-independent manner.
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