Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is the identical serum form of amyloid P component (AP), a highly preserved plasma protein named for its ubiquitous presence in amyloid deposits. As a normal plasma protein first identified as the pentagonal constituent of in vivo pathological deposits called "amyloid". Serum amyloid P component represents another member of the pentraxin family, a highly conserved group of molecules that may play a role in innate immunity. SAP is a key negative regulator for innate immune responses to DNA and may be partly responsible for the insufficient immune responses after DNA vaccinations in humans. SAP suppression may be a novel strategy for improving efficacy of human DNA vaccines and requires further clinical investigations.
ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group), also known as Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4(ART4), Dombrock blood group carrier molecule and CD297, is a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. ADP-ribosyltransferase catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of arginine residues in proteins. Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins that is interfered with by a variety of bacterial toxins including cholera, pertussis, and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. ART4 could be detected on HEL cells and erythrocytes by FACS analysis while it was absent from activated monocytes, despite the presence of ART4 mRNA in these cells. ART is also known as the carrier of the Dombrock blood group alloantigens (Do) which is glycosylphosphatidylinosotol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane.
Adipocyte-specific adhesion molecule (ASAM), also known as ACAM and CLMP, is a type I transmembrane protein and a member of the CTX (cortical thymocyte marker in Xenopus) family within the immunoglobulin superfamily. ASAM protein is highly expressed in the small intestine and placenta, and is found at intermediate levels in the heart, skeletal muscle, colon, spleen, kidney, and lung, and appears in low levels in the liver and peripheral blood leukocytes as well. ASAM is a transmembrane component of tight junctions in epithelial cells that can mediate cell aggregation and regulate transepithelial resistance across polarized epithelial cells. In addition, its expression is strongly correlated with white adipose tissue (WAT) mass of human and rodents with obesity.
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate or L-cysteine. Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Acts as a scavenger of glutamate in brain neuroprotection. The aspartate aminotransferase activity is involved in hepatic glucose synthesis during development and in adipocyte glyceroneogenesis. Using L-cysteine as substrate, regulates levels of mercaptopyruvate, an important source of hydrogen sulfide. Mercaptopyruvate is converted into H2S via the action of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST). Hydrogen sulfide is an important synaptic modulator and neuroprotectant in the brain.
β-2-Microglobulin (B2M) is a secreted protein with 1 Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain which belongs to the beta-2-microglobulin family. B2M component of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. Polymers of beta 2-microglobulin can be found in tissues from patients on long-term hemodialysis. B2M is a protein found on the surface of many cells and plentiful on the surface of white blood cells. Serum B2M concentration is increased in renal diseases, various malignant diseases and some inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. B2M may adopt the fibrillar configuration of amyloid in certain pathologic states. The capacity to assemble into amyloid fibrils is concentration dependent. B2M has been shown as a marker for monitoring inflammatory disease activity and it appears likely to have a destructive role in amyloidosis-related arthritis. B2M might be involved in the OA (osteoarthritis) pathogenesis. Defects in B2M are the cause of hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia. Affected individuals show marked reduction in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin and albumin, probably due to rapid degradation. B2M could be a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
B7-H3 is a member of the B7 family of immune regulatory ligands that is thought to attenuate peripheral immune responses through co-inhibition. It plays an important role in adaptive immune responses, and was shown to either promote or inhibit T-cell responses in various experimental systems. B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. B7-H3 is a novel protein structurally related to the B7 family of ligands by the presence of a single set of immunoglobulin-V-like and immunoglobulin-C-like (VC) domains. Previous studies have correlated its overexpression with poor prognosis and decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in various carcinomas including uterine endometrioid carcinomas, and mounting evidence supports an immuno-inhibitory role in ovarian cancer prognosis. Recently, B7-H3 expression has been reported in several human cancers indicating an additional function of B7-H3 as a regulator of antitumor immunity.
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