The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. Cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), also known as Neprilysin and neutral endopeptidase, is a member of the CD system. CD10 is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that had function to degrade a number of small secreted peptides such as the amyloid beta peptide. It exist as a membrane-bound protein and have high concentration in kidney and lung tissues. Mutations in the CD10 gene can induce the familial forms of Alzheimer's disease, providing strong evidence for the protein's association with the Alzheimer's disease process. CD10 is also associated with other biochemical processes.
Poliovirus receptor-related 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator C; nectin-1; CD111), also known as PVRL1 is a cell adhesion molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that can bind to virion glycoprotein D (gD) to mediate entry of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). CD111/Nectin-1/PVRL1 colocalizes with E-cadherin at adherens junctions in epithelial cells. The disruption of cell junctions can result in the redistribution of nectin-1. To determine whether disruption of junctions by calcium depletion influenced the susceptibility of epithelial cells to viral entry, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing endogenous nectin-1 or transfected human nectin-1 were tested for the ability to bind soluble forms of viral gD and to be infected by HSV and PRV, before and after calcium depletion. It has been revealed that binding of HSV and PRV gD was localized to adherens junctions in cells maintained in normal medium but was distributed, along with nectin-1, over the entire cell surface after calcium depletion. Both the binding of gD and the fraction of cells that could be infected by HSV-1 and PRV were enhanced by calcium depletion. Taken together, CD111/Nectin-1/PVRL1 confined to adherens junctions in epithelial cells is not very accessible to virus, whereas dissociation of cell junctions releases nectin-1 to serve more efficiently as an entry recptor.
Cluster of Differentiation 112 (CD112), also known as poliovirus receptor related protein 2 (PVRL2 or PRR2), is a single-pass type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Immunoglobulin superfamily. CD112 protein also serves as an entry for certain mutant strains of herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus, and thus is involved in cell to cell spreading of these viruses. CD112 protein has been identified as the ligand for DNAM-1 (CD226), and the interaction of CD226/CD112 protein can induce NK cell- and CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. CD112 has been regarded as a critical component in allergic reactions, and accordingly may function as a novel target for anti-allergic therapy.
CD133, also known as PROM1 and Prominin 1, is a pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the prominin family. It localizes to membrane protrusions and is often expressed on adult stem cells. CD133 is known to play a role in maintaining stem cell properties by suppressing differentiation. CD133 binds cholesterol in cholesterol-containing plasma membrane microdomains. It is proposed to play a role in apical plasma membrane organization of epithelial cells. CD133 is also involved in regulation of MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. Mutations in PROM1 gene have been shown to result in retinitis pigmentosa and Stargardt disease. PROM1 gene is expressed from at least five alternative promoters that are expressed in a tissue-dependent manner. Expression of this gene is also associated with several types of cancer.
Melanomia Cell Adhesion Molecule (MCAM), also known as CD146 and MUC18, is a putative Ig-superfamily adhesion molecule that is expressed on endothelial cells and a variety of tumor cells. MCAM is associated with tumor progression and metastasis and may be involved in embryonic neural development. An alternately spliced isoform of rat MCAM has a 40 residue deletion in the cytoplasmic domain.
BSG,also named as 5F7,Basigin,EMMPRIN,TCSF and CD147,plays pivotal roles in spermatogenesis,embryo implantation,neural network formation and tumor progression. It stimulates adjacent fibroblasts to produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPS).CD147 may target monocarboxylate transporters SLC16A1,SLC16A3 and SLC16A8 to plasma membranes of retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina. It seems to be a receptor for oligomannosidic glycans. CD147 is a receptor of CypA,inducing matrix metalloproteinase expression and mediating the degradation of the extracellular matrix,plays an important role in tumorigenesis and invasion in oral cancer. It has been considered as an objective and effective marker to predict invasion and prognosis in various cancers.
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