Podoplanin, also known asPDPN, is a type-I integral membrane glycoprotein with diverse distribution in human tissues. The physiological function of this protein may be related to its mucin-type character. The homologous protein in other species has been described as a differentiation antigen and influenza-virus receptor. The specific function of this protein has not been determined. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.PDPN is a mucin-type glycoprotein negatively charged by extensive O-glycosylation and a high content of sialic acid, which expresses the adhesive property. It is selectively expressed in lymphatic endothelium as well as lymphangiomas, Kaposi sarcomas, and in a subset of angiosarcomas with probable lymphatic differentiation. PDPN may contribute to form odontoblastic fiber or function as the anchorage to the tooth development and in proliferating epithelial cells of cervical loop and apical bud. The intensity of podoplanin expression is negatively correlated with the expression of CD34 and factor VIII. Podoplanin would be useful as a diagnostic marker for epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in liver tumors.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPAR alpha , NR1C1) is a member of the Nuclear Receptor superfamily. PPAR alpha exhibits the highest affinity with unsaturated fatty acids, and linolenic acids. PPAR alpha is expressed in brown fat, liver, kidney, heart, mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, retina, adrenal gland, skeletal muscle, pancreatic islets and smooth muscle cells. PPAR alpha plays important roles in lipid and glucose metabolism, and has been implicated in obesity-related metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease. Three members have been identified and are called PPAR alpha, δ, and lambda. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) is an obligate partner for PPAR.
Various hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary during development and growth. Prolactin is a growth factor secreted by the anterior pituitary that is necessary for the proliferation and differentiation of the mammary glands.
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone with multiple actions in the central nervous system (CNS) spanning from physiology to pathology. PRL exerts different actions through its receptors that can be found in both neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes) of the brain. It is generally believed that in vertebrates, prolactin (PRL) is predominantly synthesized and released by pituitary lactotrophs and plays important roles in many physiological processes via activation of PRL receptor (PRLR), including water and electrolyte balance, reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, immuno-modulation, and behavior.
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