Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase2A (CAMK2A) belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and, together with other 28 different isoforms, belongs to the Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. CaM kinase Ⅱ is thought to be an important mediator of learning and memory and is also necessary for Ca2+ homeostasis and reuptake in cardiomyocytes chloride transport in epithelia, positive T-cell selection, and CD8 T-cell activation. CAMKIIA is one of the major forms of CAMKII. It has been found to play a critical role in sustaining activation of CAMKII at the postsynaptic density. Studies have found that knockout mice without CAMKIIA demonstrate a low frequency of LTP. Additionally, these mice do not form persistent, stable place cells in the hippocampus.
Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CAMKⅣ) belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily which is widely recognized as an essential enzyme implicated in the phophoinositide amplification cascade. Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CAMK) can be activated by the introcellular increased Ca2+ and then apt to combine with the target protein. Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4 (CAMKⅣ) is a multifunctional CaM-dependent kinase protein with limited tissue distribution, that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons and male germ cells. All of the isforms of this family, including myosin light chain kinase, phosphorylase kinase, CaMK1, CaMKⅢ and CaMKⅣ have EF-hand structure.
CaM kinase-like vesicle-associated protein, also known as CAMKV, is a peripheral membrane protein and Cytoplasmic vesicle membrane protein which belongs to theprotein kinase superfamily and CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CAMKV contains oneprotein kinase domain. It is predominantly observed in association with the plasma membrane of soma and in neurites, both axons and dendrites. CAMKV may be associated with vesicular structures. It does not appear to have detectable kinase activity. Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. Protein kinases function as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. They also function in embryonic development, physiological responses, and in the nervous and immune system. Abnormal phosphorylation causes many human diseases, including cancer, and drugs that affect phosphorylation can treat those diseases. The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. Protein kinases play a role in a mulititude of cellular processes, including division, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins.
CANT1(calcium activated nucleotidase 1) belongs to the apyrase family. Apyrase is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme (magnesium can also activate it) (EC 3.6.1.5) that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and inorganic phosphate. Two isoenzymes are found in commercial preparations from S. tuberosum. One with a higher ratio of substrate selectivity for ATP: ADP and another with no selectivity. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates with the general reaction being NTP -> NDP + Pi -> NMP + 2Pi. The salivary apyrases of blood-feeding arthropods are nucleotide hydrolysing enzymes are implicated in the inhibition of host platelet aggregation through the hydrolysis of extracellular adenosine diphosphate. CANT1 functions as a calcium-dependent nucleotidase with a preference for UDP. Defects in CANT1 are the cause of desbuquois dysplasia.
Calnexin is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to the calreticulin family. It interacts with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins. It may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. Associated with partial T-cell antigen receptor complexes that escape the ER of immature thymocytes, it may function as a signaling complex regulating thymocyte maturation. Additionally it may play a role in receptor-mediated endocytosis at the synapse.
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