The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) are classified as metalloenzyme for its zinc ion prosthetic group and form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reversible reaction that takes part in maintaining acid-base balance in blood and other tissues. The carbonic anhydrasekl (CA) family consists of at least 11 enzymatically active members and a few inactive homologous proteins. CAXIV is a member of CA family that showed an overall similarity of 29–46% to other active CA isozymes. The highest percentage similarity was with a transmembrane CA isoform, CAXII. The CAXIV was found high concentrations in human heart, brain, liver, and skeletal muscle but lower in the colon, small intestine, urinary bladder, and kidney. No CAXIV mRNA was seen in the salivary gland and pancreas. CAXIV is a likely candidate for the extracellular CA postulated to have an important role in modulating excitatory synaptic transmission in brain.
Carbonic Anhydrase 1 (CA1) is a cytosolic enzyme, belonging to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. It is highly expressed in erythrocytes and acts as an early marker for erythroid differentiation. Carbonic anhydrase 1 plays a improtant role in many biological processes such as calcification, cellular respiration, bone resorption, acid-base balance. It is activated by imidazole, histamine, L-adrenaline, L- and D-histidine, and L- and D-phenylalanine. At the same time, It is inhibited by sulfonamide derivatives and coumarins. In addition, CA1 is a zinc metalloenzyme that has reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. It can hydrate cyanamide to urea.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CAs form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst. The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion, they are therefore classified as metalloenzymes. The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues. Carbonic anhydrase 3, also known as Carbonate dehydratase III, CA-III and CA3, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. CA3 is activated by proton donors such as imidazole and the dipeptide histidylhistidine. It is inhibited by coumarins and sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide. At 6 weeks gestation, transcripts accumulate at low levels in the somites and at high levels throughout the notochord. As gestation continues, CA3 becomes abundant in all developing muscle masses and continues at high to moderate levels in the notochord.
Carbonic Anhydrase 4 (CA4) belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Alpha-carbonic anhydrase is a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Carbonic anhydrase 4 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored membrane isozyme expressed on the luminal surfaces of pulmonary (and certain other) capillaries and proximal renal tubules. Carbonic anhydrase 4 may stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4 that acts in pH homeostasis. It may have a role in inherited renal abnormalities of bicarbonate transport. Furthermore, Carbonic anhydrase 4 is essential for acid overload removal from the retina and retina epithelium and acid release in the choriocapillaris.
Carbonic Anhydrase 5B (CA5B) is a member of alpha-carbonic anhydrase family (CAs) that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs is associated with many biological processes; including calcification; respiration; bone resorption; acid-base balance and the formation of aqueous humor. CA5B is highly expressed in heart; pancreas; kidney; placenta; lung; and skeletal muscle; but it is restricted to the liver. CA5B is localized in the mitochondria and shows the highest sequence similarity to the other mitochondrial CA; CA-VA. CA5B is inhibited by coumarins; sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide (AZA); saccharin; and Foscarnet.
Carbonic anhydrase 5B; also known as carbonate dehydratase VB; carbonic anhydrase VB; CA-VB and CA5B; is amember of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. The strongest expression of CA5B / CA-VB is in heart; pancreas; kidney; placenta; lung; and skeletal muscle. It is not expressed in liver. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes first discovered in 1933 that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs participate in a variety of biological processes; including respiration; calcification; acid-base balance; bone resorption; and the formation of aqueous humor; cerebrospinal fluid; saliva; and gastric acid. CAs show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA5B / CA-VB is localized in the mitochondria and shows the highest sequence similarity to the other mitochondrial CA5A / CA-VA. CA5B / CA-VB has a wider tissue distribution than CA5A / CA-VA; which is restricted to the liver. The differences in tissue distribution suggest that the two mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases evolved to assume different physiologic roles. CA5A / CA-VA is activated by histamine; L-adrenaline; L- and D-histidine; and L- and D-phenylalanine. It is inhibited by coumarins; sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt). CA5B / CA-VB is inhibited by coumarins; sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide (AZA); saccharin and Foscarnet (phosphonoformate trisodium salt).
Carbonic anhydrase 7; also known as carbonate dehydratase VII; carbonic anhydrase VII; CA-VII and CA7; is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to thealpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic anhydrases are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes; including respiration; calcification; acid-base balance; bone resorption; and the formation of aqueous humor; cerebrospinal fluid; saliva; and gastric acid. Carbonic anhydrases show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization. CA7 / CA-VII is predominantly expressed in the salivary glands. Alternative splicing in the coding region results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
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