Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. Chemokines share the same structure similarities such as small size, and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations in order to form their 3-dimensional shape. Some of the chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory which can be induced to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection during an immune response, while others are considered homeostatic and are implied in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance and development. There are four members of the chemokine family: C-C kemokines, C kemokines, CXC kemokines and CX3C kemokines. The C-C kemokines have two cysteines nearby the amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called C-C chemokine ligands-1 to 28. Chemokin ligand 17 (CCL17), also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine(TARC), is a small cytokine belonging to the C-C chemokine family. CCL17 is expressed maily in thymus and transiently in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CCL17 can induce chemotaxis in T cells by binding with the chemokine receptor CCR4.
C-C motif chemokine 17 (CCL17) is a novel CC chemokine, it belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. CCL17 is expressed at high levels in thymus, and at a lower level in lung, colon, and small intestine. CCL17 is also transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Among CC chemokine family members, CCL17 has approximately 24 - 29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3. CCL17 has been identified to be Chemotactic factor for T-lymphocytes but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 plays a role in T-cell development in thymus and in trafficking and activation of mature T-cells.
CCL18/PARC is a chemotactic cytokine involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various disorders, including cancer. Proof showed high levels of CCL18/PARC in the serum of epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients sμggesting its potential as a circulating biomarker. CCL18/PARC chemokine has an important role in chemokine-mediated tumor metastasis, and may serve as a potential predictor for poor survival outcomes for ovarian cancer. (CCL18/PARC) is predominantly secreted by M2-tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and promotes malignant behaviors of various human cancer types. CCL18/PARC has a correlation with cardiac function in patients with AAMI and it might be considered as an indicator of poor LVEF in patients with AAMI. Circulating and WAT-secreted CCL18/PARC correlates with insulin resistance and metabolic risk score. Because CCL18/PARC is macrophage-specific and associates with adipose immune gene expression, it may constitute a marker of WAT inflammation. Macrophages are thoμght to be the main source of CCL18/PARC, and the effect of pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, on the expression of CCL18/PARC in macrophages warrants investigation.
C-C Motif Chemokine 18 (CCL18) is secreted protein that belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. CCL18 is expressed at high levels in the lung, lymph nodes, placenta, bone marrow, and dendritic cells. CCL18 is a chemotactic factor that attracts lymphocytes but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL18 may be involved in B-cell migration into B-cell follicles in lymph nodes. CCL18 attracts naive T-lymphocytes toward dendritic cells and activated macrophages in lymph nodes. It has chemotactic activity for naive T-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and thus may play a role in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity responses.
This antimicrobial gene is one of several CC cytokine genes clustered on the p-arm of chromosome 9. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. The cytokine encoded by this gene may play a role in normal lymphocyte recirculation and homing. It also plays an important role in trafficking of T cells in thymus, and in T cell and B cell migration to secondary lymphoid organs. It specifically binds to chemokine receptor CCR7.
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