LYN contains one protein kinase domain, one SH2 domain, one SH3 domain, and the protein kinase domain plays an important role in its localization in the cell membrane. LYN is also thought to participate in signal transduction from cell surface receptors that lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, LYN is associated with a number of cell surface receptors including the B cell antigen receptor and immunoglobulin E receptor (FceRI).
Programmed cell death protein 1(PDCD1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 1 Ig-like V-type domain. PD-1 is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PDCD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. PDCD1 has been suggested to be involved in lymphocyte clonal selection and peripheral tolerance, and thus contributes to the prevention of autoimmune diseases. As a cell surface molecule, PDCD1 regulates the adaptive immune response. Engagement of PD-1 by its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2 transduces a signal that inhibits T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic function.
CD274, also known as B7-H1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a 40 kD type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 family within the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells, PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly, it leads to growth of immunogenic tumor growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.
CD274, also known as B7-H1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a 40 kD type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 family within the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptorprogrammed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells, PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly, it leads to growth of immunogenic tumor growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.
Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 (PDCD1LG2) is a member of the BTN/MOG family. PDCD1LG2 contains one Ig-like C2-type domain and one Ig-like V-type domain. PDCD1LG2 is highly expressed in the heart, placenta, pancreas, lung and liver; it is weakly expressed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus. PDCD1LG2 is involved in the costimulatory signal, essential for T-cell proliferation and IFNG production in a PDCD1-independent manner. PDCD1LG2 interaction with PDCD1 inhibits T-cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression and cytokine production.
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