CCL23/MPIF-1, also known as MIP 3, is a small cytokine which belongs to the CC chemokine family. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. CCL23/MPIF-1 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but also can be detected in bone marrow and placenta. It displays chemotactic activity on resting T lymphocytes and monocytes, lower activity on neutrophils and no activity on activated T lymphocytes. CCL23/MPIF-1 is also a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line.
Human Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 23 (CCL23) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL23 is also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor MPIF-1, CK8 and SCYA23. CCL23 cDNA encodes a 120 amino acid residue precursor protein with a putative 21 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved to generate a 99 amino acid residue mature CCL23 (amino acids 22 -120). Additional N-terminal Processing of the 99 amino acid residue variant can generate a 75 amino acid residue peptide (amino acid 46-120) that is significantly more active than the 99 amino acid residue variant. CCL23 binds to CCR1 with high affinity and has chemotactic activity for monocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoclast precursors. CCL23 enhances angiogenesis of endothelial cells, but reduces the proliferation of progenitor cells giving rise to granulocyte and monocyte lineages.
Cytokine are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteine. CCL24 diaplays the chemotactic for resting T-lymphocytes and eosinophils. CCL24 has lower chemotatic activity for neutrophils, none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. CCL24 is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell lines.
CCL25, also known as TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine), is a CC chemokine that regulates the trafficking of lymphocytes in the thymus and small intestine. Mature mouse CCL25 shares 40% and 81% amino acid sequence identity with an human and rat CCL25, respectively . CCL25 is produced by stromal cells in the thymus and epithelial cells of the small intestine, particularly the jejunum and ileum . It binds to and induces chemoattraction through CCR9 , and both human and mouse proteins act on human CCR9 . CCR9 is expressed on immature pre-T cells and thymocytes . CCL25 induces the homing of several lymphocyte populations to the small intestine , including Integrin alpha 4 beta 7+ gamma δ T cells , Integrin alpha E beta 7+ CD8+ T cells , and IgA-producing plasma cells . In cancer, functional CCR9 mediates the metastasis of melanoma cells to the small intestine , contributes to the CCL25-dependent migration and invasion of some breast carcinomas , and attracts mesenchymal stromal cells to CCL25-expressing multiple myelomas . CCL25 contributes to the severity of chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis where it attracts CCR9+ monocytes and macrophages , in endometriosis where it promotes the invasiveness of stromal cells , and in atherosclerosis where it contributes to the accumulation of CCR9+ macrophages in arterial plaques .
This antimicrobial gene belongs to the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. The cytokine encoded by this gene displays chemotactic activity for dendritic cells, thymocytes, and activated macrophages but is inactive on peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils. The product of this gene binds to chemokine receptor CCR9. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
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