Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. Chemokines share the same structure similarities such as small size, and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations in order to form their 3-dimensional shape. Some of the chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory which can be induced to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection during an immune response, while others are considered homeostatic and are implied in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance and development. There are four members of the chemokine family: C-C kemokines, C kemokines, CXC kemokines and CX3C kemokines. The C-C kemokines have two cysteines nearby the amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called C-C chemokine ligands-1 to 28. Chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP-2), is a small cytokine belonging to the C-C chemokine family. CCL8 functions to activate different immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophils and basophils which are involved in allergic responses, monocytes, and T cells and NK cells which are involved in the inflammatory response. CCL8's ability achieves by binding to different cell surface receptors termed chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR2B and CCR5. It has been reported that CCL8 is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 by virtue of its binding to CCR5 which is one of the major co-receptors for HIV-1.
Cyclin A1 is a member of the highly conserved cyclin family that is characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance, and belongs to the A-type cyclin subfamily. The mammalian A-type cyclin family consists of two members: cyclin A1 and cyclin A2. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression. Cyclin A1 is expressed in mice exclusively in the germ cell lineage and high rate of cyclinA1 is found in human testis and certain myeloid leukaemia cells. Cyclin A1 is primarily function in the control of meiosis. It serves as regulator subunits binding to cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), which give two different kinase activities, one appearing in S phase, the other in G2. Through this, cyclin A1 operate the entry and progression in cell cycle. High frequency of cyclin A1 overexpression has been observed in acute myelocytic leukemias, especially those that are at the promyelocyte and myeloblast stages of development.
Regulatory component of the cyclin D1-CDK4 (DC) complex that phosphorylates and inhibits members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulates the cell-cycle during G1/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complex and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G1 phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G1 phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals. Also a substrate for SMAD3, phosphorylating SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and repressing its transcriptional activity. Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D1/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex. Exhibits transcriptional corepressor activity with INSM1 on the NEUROD1 and INS promoters in a cell cycle-independent manner.
Cyclin E1 is a member of the highly conserved cyclin family and belongs to the E-type cyclin that functions as a regulator of S phase entry and progression in mammalian cells. Cyclin E1 serves as regulatory subunits that bind, activate, and provide substrate for its associated cyclin-dependent kinase2 (CDK2), whose activity is essential for cell cycle G1 / S transition. Over expression of this encoding gene has been found in many tumors, which results in chromosome instability and by extension, induce tumorigenesis. This protein was also found to associate with, and be involved in, the phosphorylation of NPAT protein (nuclear protein mapped to the ATM locus), which participates in cell-cycle regulated histone gene expression and plays a critical role in promoting cell-cycle progression in the absence of pRB. In general, cyclin E1, as an activator of phospho-CDK2 (pCDK2), is important for cell cycle progression and is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin shows the highest similarity with cyclin G. The transcript of this gene was found to be expressed constantly during cell cycle progression.
CCNL2 belongs to the cyclin family, Cyclin L subfamily. CCNL2 is a transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process. CCNL2 also modulates the expression of critical apoptotic factor, leading to cell apoptosis.
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