The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in Immunophenotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. Cell surface glycoprotein CD200 receptor 1 (CD200R1) is an isoform of CD200 receptors that is expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage. CD200R1 is a receptor for the OX-2 membrane glycoprotein. The receptor-substrate interaction may serve as a myeloid downregulatory signal.
Dendritic cell-lysosomal associated membrane protein (DC-LAMP)/CD208, also known as LAMP3, is a member of the lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP) family, which is specifically expressed by human dendritic cells (DCs) upon activation and therefore serves as marker of human DC maturation. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy showed that mouse DC-LAMP protein co-localizes with lbm180, a specific marker for the limiting membrane of lamellar bodies that contain surfactant protein B. The present study demonstrates that DC-LAMP is constitutively expressed by mouse, sheep, and human type II pneumocytes. DC-LAMP is constitutively expressed in normal type II pneumocytes. DC-LAMP is detected first in activated human DC within MHC class II molecules-containing compartments just before the translocation of MHC class II-peptide complexes to the cell surface, suggesting a possible involvement in this process. Furthermore, overexpression of LAMP3 is actively involved in tumor invasion through increased migration into lymph-vascular spaces.
CD20 (membrane-spanning 4-domains; subfamily A; member 1); also known as MS4A1; is a member of the membrane-spanning 4A gene family. Members of this nascent protein family are characterized by common structural features and similar intron/exon splice boundaries and display unique expression patterns among hematopoietic cells and nonlymphoid tissues. CD20 / MS4A1 is expressed on all stages of B cell development except the first and last. CD20 / MS4A1 is present from pre-pre B cells through memory cells; but not on either pro-B cells or plasma cells. It is a B-lymphocyte surface molecule which plays a role in the development and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. CD20 / MS4A1may be involved in the regulation of B-cell activation and proliferation. Defects in CD20 / MS4A1 are the cause of immunodeficiency common variable type 5(CVID5). CVID5 is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by antibody deficiency; hypogammaglobulinemia; recurrent bacterial infections and an inability to mount an antibody response to antigen. The defect results from a failure of B-cell differentiation and impaired secretion of immunoglobulins; the numbers of circulating B-cells is usually in the normal range; but can be low.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. CD21, also known as Complement component (3d / Epstein Barr virus) receptor 2 and CR2, is a member of the CD system and is a protein involved in complement system. CD21 is present on all mature B-cells and some T-cells and follicular dendritic cells. CD21 on mature B-cells form a complex called the B cell receptor complex with two other membrane proteins, CD19 and CD81. CD21 has a function in the complement system through serving as the cellular receper specific for ligands such as C3 and C4 which can be attached to foreign macromolecules in order to remove or uptake them. This results in B-cells having enhanced response to the antigen.
Human DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1/CD226) is a 65 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. Mature human DNAM-1 contains an extracellular domain (ECD) with two Ig-like C2-set domains and a cytoplasmic region that contains motifs for binding PDZ domains and band 4.1 family proteins. DNAM-1 is expressed on multiple lymphoid and myeloid cells and interacts with CD155 and CD112. Ligation of DNAM-1 promotes the activation of NK cells; CD8+ T cells; and mast cells; dendritic cell maturation; megakaryocyte and activated platelet adhesion to vascular endothelial cells; and monocyte extravasation; it inhibits the forrmation of osteoclasts. Plateletendothelium; interactions mediated by DNAM-1; enable the metastasis of tumor cells to the lung.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophynotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. CD226; also known as PTA1 or DNAM-1; is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily containing 2 Ig-like domains of the V-set. High rate of CD226 (Cluster of Differentiation 226) is found on the surface of natural killer cells; platelets; monocytes and a subset of T cells. CD226 have binding sites with CD112 and CD155 and mediate cellular adhesion to other cells containing its ligands.
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