Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a protein belonging to the cytokine family, contains 140 amino acids. It is known to play an important role in the maturation of T cell populations through activation of antigen presenting cells. TSLP induces the release of T-cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and, in particular, enhances the maturation of CD11c+ dendritic cells. It can induce allergic inflammation by directly activating mast cells. TSLP is produced mainly by non-hematopoietic cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells and different types of stromal or stromal-like cells. These cells are located in regions where TSLP activity is required.
T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), also called VSIG9 and Vstm3, is a member of the CD28 family within the Ig superfamily of proteins. TIGIT contains an immunoglobulin variable domain, a transmembrane domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), and is expressed on regulatory, memory, activated T cells and NK cells. TIGIT binds to CD155(PVR) that appear on dendritic cells (DC), macrophages and endothelium with high affinity, and CD112(PVRL2) with lower affinity, but not CD113 (PVRL3). TIGIT-Fc fusion protein could interact with PVR on DC and enhance the secretion of IL-10, but inhibit the macrophage activation. Mice lacking TIGIT show increased T cell responses and susceptibility to autoimmune challenges, while knockdown of TIGIT with siRNA in human memory T cells did not affect T cell responses.
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 is a member of the TIM family of immune regulating molecules. Mature cynomolgus TIM3 consists of a 182 amino acid (aa)extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 78 aa cytoplasmic tail. TIM3 is up-regulated on several populations of activated myeloid cells (macrophage, monocyte, dendritic cell, microglia, mast cell) and T cells (Th1, CD8+, NK, Treg). Its binding to Galectin9 induces a range of immunosuppressive functions which enhance immune tolerance and inhibit anti-tumor immunity. TIM3 ligation attenuates CD8+ and Th1 cell responses and promotes the activity of Treg and myeloid derived suppressor cells. TIM3 interactions with Galectin-9 can trigger immune stimulatory effects, such as the coactivation of NK cell cytotoxicity.
Trophoblast glycoprotein, also known as TPBG and 5T4, it belongs to the LRR family of proteins. The C-terminus of LRR N-terminal cap (LRRNT) and LRR 1 are essential for the inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway. TPBG may function as an inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by indirectly interacting with LRP6 and blocking Wnt3a-dependent LRP6 internalization. It expressed by all types of trophoblasts as early as 9 weeks of development. In adult tissues, the expression is limited to a few epithelial cell types but is found on a variety of carcinoma.
platelet receptor Gi24 is a single-pass type I membrane protein, and located at the cell surface. The protein can be cleaved by MMP14, and stimulate MMP14-mediated MMP2 activation. It is participated in the BMP signaling pathway. It also regulates the CD4-pasitive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation, and T cell cytokine production negatively. However, the protein can regulate stem cell differentiation positively.
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