Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins which preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells, and thus may contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell type. E-cadherin (E-Cad), also known as CDH1 and CD324, is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule the intact function of which is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue polarity and structural integrity. Mutations in CDH1 occur in diffuse type gastric cancer, lobular breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. In human cancers, partial or complete loss of E-cadherin expression correlates with malignancy. During apoptosis or with calcium influx, E-Cad is cleaved by the metalloproteinase to produce fragments of about 38 kDa (E-CAD/CTF1), 33 kDa (E-CAD/CTF2) and 29 kDa (E-CAD/CTF3), respectively. E-Cad has been identified as a potent invasive suppressor, as downregulation of E-cadherin expression is involved in dysfunction of the cell-cell adhesion system, and often correlates with strong invasive potential and poor prognosis of human carcinomas.
This gene is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein is a calcium dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein comprised of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Mutations in this gene are correlated with gastric, breast, colorectal, thyroid and ovarian cancer. Loss of function is thought to contribute to progression in cancer by increasing proliferation, invasion, and/or metastasis. The ectodomain of this protein mediates bacterial adhesion to mammalian cells and the cytoplasmic domain is required for internalization. Identified transcript variants arise from mutation at consensus splice sites.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the cdc2/cdkx subfamily of the ser/thr family of protein kinases. It may play a role in signal transduction cascades in terminally differentiated cells; in exocytosis; and in transport of secretory cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum. This gene is thought to escape X inactivation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
CDK2AP2 belongs to the CDK2AP family. Members of this family of proteins are cell-growth suppressors; associating with and influencing the biological activities of important cell cycle regulators in the S phase including monomeric non-phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and DNA polymerase alpha/primase. CDK2AP2 contains 5 distinct gt-ag introns. Transcription produces 7 different mRNAs; 6 alternatively spliced variants and 1 unspliced form. There are 2 non overlapping alternative last exons and 4 validated alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRNAs appear to differ splicing versus retention of 3 introns. CDK2AP2 plays a role in regulating self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) under permissive conditions; and cell survival during differentiation of the mESC into terminally differentiated cell types.
CDK2AP2; also known as DOC1R; is short for cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 2. The gene CDK2AP2 encodes this protein that interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 associated protein 1. Pseudogenes associated with this gene are located on chromosomes 7 and 9. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. It belongs to the CDK2AP family. CDK2AP1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1); corresponding to the gene doc-1 (deleted in oral cancer 1); is a tumor suppressor protein. The doc-1 gene is absent or down-regulated in hamster oral cancer cells and in many other cancer cell types. The ubiquitously expressed CDK2AP1 protein is the only known specific inhibitor of CDK2; making it an important component of cell cycle regulation during G(1)-to-S phase transition.
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