CTGF belongs to the CCN (CTGF/Cyr61/Cef10/NOVH) protein family; which is comprised of six secreted proteins that reside in the extracellular matrix (ECM). CTGF causes a variety of cellular responses including reduced cell adhesion and enhanced cell migration and proliferation. CTGF has also been shown to be essential for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); a process whereby normal functioning cells morph into ones that produce mainly scar tissue (of which collagen in the major protein component).
Collagen triple helix repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTHRC1 gene. It acts as a negative regulator of collagen matrix deposition. It may cause the disease of Barrett esophagus . Patients with Barrett esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The main cause of Barrett esophagus is gastroesophageal reflux. The retrograde movement of acid and bile salts from the stomach into the esophagus causes prolonged injury to the esophageal epithelium and induces chronic esophagitis, which in turn is believed to trigger the pathologic changes.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4, is a single-pass type I membrane protein. It is widely expressed with highest levels in lymphoid tissues. CD28 and CTLA-4, together with their ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T and B cell responses. CD28 and CTLA-4 are structurally homologous molecules that are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. Intracellular CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T Cells and may play an important role in their functions. Tcell activation through the Tcell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA4.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4; is a single-pass type I membrane protein. It is widely expressed with highest levels in lymphoid tissues. CD28 and CTLA-4; together with their ligands; B7-1 and B7-2; constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T and B cell responses. CD28 and CTLA-4 are structurally homologous molecules that are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells; whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. Intracellular CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T Cells and may play an important role in their functions. Tcell activation through the Tcell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA4.
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