Discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 (DDR1), also known as or CD167a (cluster of differentiation 167a), and Mammary carcinoma kinase 10 (MCK10), belongs to a subfamily of tyrosine kinase receptors with an extracellular domain homologous to Dictyostellium discoideum protein discoidin 1. Receptor tyrosine kinases play a key role in the communication of cells with their microenvironment. These kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and metabolism. Expression of DDR1/MCK10/CD167 is restricted to epithelial cells, particularly in the kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. In addition, it has been shown to be significantly overexpressed in several human tumors. DDR1/MCK10/CD167 plays an important role in regulating attachment to collagen, chemotaxis, proliferation, and MMP production in smooth muscle cells. DDR1 functions in a feedforward loop to increase p53 levels and at least some of its effectors. Inhibition of DDR1 function resulted in strikingly increased apoptosis of wild-type p53-containing cells in response to genotoxic stress through a caspase-dependent pathway.
Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) or CD167b (cluster of differentiation 167b) is a kind of protein tyrosine kinases associated with cell proliferation and tumor metastasis, and collagen, identified as a ligand for DDR2, up-regulates matrix metallloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-2 expression in cellular matrix. DDR2/CD167b was found to recognise the triple-helical region of collagen X as well as the NC1 domain. Binding to the collagenous region was dependent on the triple-helical conformation. DDR2/CD167b autophosphorylation was induced by the collagen X triple-helical region but not the NC1 domain, indicating that the triple-helical region of collagen X contains a specific DDR2 binding site that is capable of receptor activation. DDR2/CD167b is induced during stellate cell activation and implicate the phosphorylated receptor as a mediator of MMP-2 release and growth stimulation in response to type I collagen. Moreover, type I collagen-dependent upregulation of DDR2/CD167b expression establishes a positive feedback loop in activated stellate cells, leading to further proliferation and enhanced invasive activity.
Decorin is a ubiquitous small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan and is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. It belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and consists of a core protein and a covalently linked glycosaminoglycan chain which is either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS). As a component of connective tissue, decorin interacts with several extracellular matrix components, such as type I collagen and fibronectin, and plays a role in matrix assembly. Decorin resides in the tumor microenvironment and affects the biology of various types of cancer by downregulating the activity of several receptors involved in cell growth and survival. Decorin binds to and modulates the signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor and other members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. It exerts its antitumor activity by a dual mechanism: via inhibition of these key receptors through their physical downregulation coupled with attenuation of their signaling, and by binding to and sequestering TGFbeta. Decorin also modulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, which indirectly affects the TGFbeta receptor pathway. Decorin plays significant roles in tissue development and assembly, as well as playing both direct and indirect signaling roles.
Decorin is a secreted chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan in the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). SLRP family members are characterized by N-terminal and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions which flank the central region containing 10-12 tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The human Decorin cDNA encodes a 359 amino acid (aa) precursor that includes a 16 aa signal sequence and a 14 aa propeptide. Alternate splicing of human Decorin generates five isoforms with variable length deletions. Decorin is an N-glycosylated protein that also carries a variablysized hybrid chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chain at Ser34. Decorin regulates assembly of the extracellular collagen matrix and the bioactivity of the matrix associated growth factors FGF2;GDF8/Myostatin; TGFβ;and WISP1. It also binds and activates EGF R; ErbB4; and IGFI-R. In vivo; Decorin promotes myoblast differentiation; supports angiogenesis; and inhibits tumor progression.
Decorin is a ubiquitous small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan and is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. It belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and consists of a core protein and a covalently linked glycosaminoglycan chain which is either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS). As a component of connective tissue, decorin interacts with several extracellular matrix components, such as type I collagen and fibronectin, and plays a role in matrix assembly. Decorin resides in the tumor microenvironment and affects the biology of various types of cancer by downregulating the activity of several receptors involved in cell growth and survival. Decorin binds to and modulates the signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor and other members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. It exerts its antitumor activity by a dual mechanism: via inhibition of these key receptors throμgh their physical downregulation coupled with attenuation of their signaling, and by binding to and sequestering TGFbeta. Decorin also modulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, which indirectly affects the TGFbeta receptor pathway. Decorin plays significant roles in tissue development and assembly, as well as playing both direct and indirect signaling roles.
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