FAM172A is encoded by FAM172A gene. It is a 416 aa. protein, and belongs to the UPF0528 family. This protein has 4 isoforms produced by alternative splicing. There is a natural variant location which is S131N. FAM172A has a 18 aa. signal peptide which helps it to be secreted protein.
FAM19A4 is a secreted, 12 kDa member of the FAM19/TAFA family of chemokine-like proteins. Like other members of the FAM19/TAFA family, with the exception of TAFA5, mature FAM19A4 contains 10 regularly spaced cysteine residues. The FAM19A4 proteins are predominantly expressed in specific regions of the brain and the biological functions of FAM19A4 family members remain to be determined, but there are a few tentative hypotheses. First, FAM19A4 may modulate immune responses in the CNS by functioning as brain specific chemokines, and may act with other chemokines to optimize the recruitment and activity of immune cells in the CNS. Second, FAM19A4 may represent a novel class of neurokines that act as regulators of immune nervous cells. And third, FAM19A4 may control axonal sprouting following brain injury.
PSG6 is a pregnancy-specific glycoprotein(PSG). PSGs are secreted proteins which are produced by the rodent and primate placenta and play a critical role in pregnancy success. The levels of PSGs are highest during the third trimester of pregnancy, a time marked by the most profound suppression of MS disease attacks. PSGs regulate T-cell function. The regulation of T-cell function during pregnancy is likely the result of significant hormonal changes and may well involve immunoregulatory proteins derived from the placenta. Pregnancy specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are the most abundant placentally derived glycoproteins in the maternal serum. PSG1, PSG6, PSG6N, and PSG11 induce dose-dependent secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Human and murine PSGs exhibit cross-species activity.
Fam20C is a protein kinase dedicated to the phosphorylation of extracellular proteins, including caseins, and is localizes within the Golgi apparatus and also is secreted. It phosphorylates the caseins as well as several other secreted proteins such as AMELX, AMTN, ENAM, SPP1 and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins SIBLINGs implicated in biomineralization. Consequently, mutations in Fam20C cause an osteosclerotic bone dysplasia in humans known as Raine syndrome and hypophosphatemic rickets. The discovery of the function of Fam20C has solved a 130-year-old mystery of the identity of the kinases that phosphorylate caseins and has shed light on several human disorders of biomineralization. In addition to its role in biomineralization, Fam20C also plays a role in lipid homeostasis, wound healing and cell migration and adhesion.
FAM3B, also known as Pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER), is an islet-specific secreted cytokine specifically expressed at high levels in the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas. FAM3B can induce apoptosis of alpha and beta cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Previous studies showed that FAM3B regulates glucose and lipid metabolism through interaction with liver and endocrine pancreas. FAM3B silencing activates both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. In general, silencing FAM3B promoted p53 phosphorylation and induced p53 accumulation by decreasing Mdm2 expression, which resulted in apoptotic cell death.
FAM3C, also called interleukin-like EMT inducer, usually exist in most secretory epithelia. It belongs to the FAM3 family according to their sequence similarities. The up-regulation and/or mislocalization in breast cancer and liver carcinoma cells of FAM3C is strongly correlated with metastasis formation and survival. FAM3C can be involved in retinal laminar formation and promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Protein FAM3D is a novel cytokine-like protein that belongs to the FAM3 family. Human FAM3D is synthesized as a 224 amino acid precursor that contains a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 199 amino acid mature chain. FAM3D is identified based on structural, but not sequence, homology to short chain cytokines including IL-2, IL-4 and GM-CSF. FAM3 proteins are four helix bundle cytokines with four conserved cysteines in all members (FAM3A-D). FAM3B is highly expressed in alpha and beta cells of the pancreas and is being investigated as a potential contributor to beta cell death and development of Type I Diabetes.
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