Constant region of immunoglobulin heavy chains. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens. The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. The variable domains are assembled by a process called V-(D)-J rearrangement and can then be subjected to somatic hypermutations which, after exposure to antigen and selection, allow affinity maturation for a particular antigen. Mediates IgG effector functions on monocytes triggering ADCC of virus-infected cells.
Fc Receptor-Like Protein 1 (FCRL1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein that may function as an activating coreceptor in B cells. FCRL1 is primarily expressed in secondary lymphoid tissues by mature subsets of B cells. It can be detected in the spleen, lymph node, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver and placenta. It is specifically expressed by mature B lineage cells with higher expression at the protein level in naive B cells compared to memory B cells. FCRL1 contains three extracellular C2-like immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with two immunoreceptor-tyrosine activation motifs and may play a role in the regulation of cancer cell growth.
FcRn complex consist of two subunits: IgG receptor FcRn large subunit p51（alpha chain) and Beta-2-microglobulin（Beta chain). The complexes is similar in structure to MHC class I-like heterodimer. Beta-2-microglobulin involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. FcRn binds to the Fc region of monomeric immunoglobulins gamma, mediates the uptake of IgG from milk,Possible role in transfer of immunoglobulin G from mother to fetus. A principal component of antibody transport is the neonatal receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, a heterodimer of a MHC-1 alpha-chain homolog ( FcRn ) and beta-2-microglobulin ( B2M ).
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