High mobility group protein B1 is a member of the HMGB family consisting of three members; HMGB1; HMGB2 and HMGB3.It Contains 2 HMG box DNA-binding domains entitled box A and box B and It is a highly negative-charged C terminus. As a nuclear protein; HMGB1 stabilizes nucleosomes and allows bending of DNA that facilitates gene transcription which is essential for individual survival. Meanwhile; it is revealed that HMGB1 can also act as a cytokine extracellularlly and regulates monocyte; T cell; dendritic cell activities in inflammatory responses.
High Mobility Group Protein B2 (HMGB2) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family. Members of this family are chromatin-associated and widely spread in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. HMGB2 contains 2 HMG box DNA-binding domains. It is associated with chromatin and has the ability to bend DNA, preferentially single-stranded DNA. It is shown that HMGB2 is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. In addition, HMGB2 is involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.
High Mobility Group Protein B3 (HMGB3) belongs to the HMGB family. Members of the HMG box subfamily are thought to be have an important role in DNA replication, nucleosome assembly and transcription. HMGB3 binds preferentiallly single-stranded DNA and unwinds double stranded DNA. HMGB3 consists of 200 amino acids and is localized to the cell nucleus. It contains two HMG box DNA-binding domain. HMGB3 binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double stranded DNA.
Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. follistatin are expressed and subserve local regulatory roles in numerous extragonadal tissues, including brain, adrenal, bone marrow, and placenta but perhaps most notably in anterior pituitary-the classical target tissue for inhibin, the activin-follistatin system may play a key role in early embryogenesis. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. Specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone follistatin is a binding protein to activin. Since activin binds to follistatin, it is imperative to determine the nature of the activin/follistatin binding complex.
One of the major pre-mRNA-binding proteins. Binds tenaciously to poly(C) sequences. Likely to play a role in the nuclear metabolism of hnRNAs, particularly for pre-mRNAs that contain cytidine-rich sequences. Can also bind poly(C) single-stranded
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