Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a type of intercellular adhesion molecule continuously present in low concentrations in the membranes of leukocytes and endothelial cells. As an endothelial and leukocyte-associated transmembrane protein, ICAM1 is well known for its importance in stabilizing cell-cell interactions and facilitating leukocyte endothelial transmigration. The presence of heavy glycosylation and other structural characteristics lend ICAM1 binding sites for a number of immune-associated ligands. Notably, ICAM-1 binds to macrophage adhesion ligand-1 (Mac-1, ITGB2 / ITGAM), leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1/integrin), and fibrinogen.ICAM-1 expressed by respiratory epithelial cells is also the binding site for rhinovirus, the causative agent of most common colds.
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, or CD54) is a 90 kDa member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is critical for the firm arrest and transmigration of leukocytes out of blood vessels and into tissues. ICAM-1 is constitutively present on endothelial cells, but its expression is increased by proinflammatory cytokines. The endothelial expression of ICAM-1 is increased in atherosclerotic and transplant-associated atherosclerotic tissue and in animal models of atherosclerosis. Additionally, ICAM-1 has been implicated in the progression of autoimmune diseases. ICAM-1 is a ligand for LFA-1(integrin). When activated, leukocytes bind to endothelial cells via ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction and then transmigrate into tissues. Presence with heavy glycosylation and other structural characteristics, ICAM-1 possesses binding sites for a number of immune-associated ligands and serves as the binding site for entry of the major group of human Rhinovirus (HRV) into various cell types. ICAM-1 also becomes known for its affinity for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (PFIE), providing more of a role in infectious disease. Previous studies have shown that ICAM-1 is involved in inflammatory reactions and that a defect in ICAM-1 gene inhibits allergic contact hypersensitivity.
Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2, CD102), belongs to the ICAM family consisting of three members identified as ligands for integrin receptors. It is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with two Ig-like C2-type domains, and binds to the leukocyte integrins LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18). As a second ligand of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1, ICAM-2 functions as a costimulatory molecule for effector cells. ICAM-2 is mainly expressed on vascular endothelial and hematopoietic cells. Interactions of ICAM-2 and the integrin receptors mediate cell adhesion in a wide range of lymphocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, and granulocytewith other cells, and play important roles in many adhesion-dependent immune and inflammation responses, such as T cell aggregation, NK-cell cytotoxicity and migration, lymphocyte recirculation, etc. Serum levels of ICAM-2 correlated significantly with the inflammatory and course sequences of trichinosis in mice and had a similar relation with blood eosinophilia. So, estimation of ICAM-2 serum levels may prove useful in diagnosis of trichinosis recent infections, and in monitoring the prognosis and response to treatment.
ICAM-2 is a 55-65 kD transmembrane glycoprotein possessing 2 extracellular Ig domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a short 26-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. ICAM-2 is expressed on most leukocytes, and is strongly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. Interactions of ICAM-2 and the integrin receptors mediate cell adhesion in a wide range of lymphocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, and granulocytewith other cells, and play important roles in many adhesion-dependent immune and inflammation responses, such as T cell aggregation, NK-cell cytotoxicity and migration, lymphocyte recirculation, etc. Serum levels of ICAM-2 correlated significantly with the inflammatory and course sequences of trichinosis in mice and had a similar relation with blood eosinophilia. So, estimation of ICAM-2 serum levels may prove useful in diagnosis of trichinosis recent infections, and in monitoring the prognosis and response to treatment.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family. All ICAM proteins are type I transmembrane glycoproteins, contain 2-9 immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains, and bind to the leukocyte adhesion LFA-1 protein. This protein is expressed on the surface of telencephalic neurons and displays two types of adhesion activity, homophilic binding between neurons and heterophilic binding between neurons and leukocytes. It may be a critical component in neuron-microglial cell interactions in the course of normal development or as part of neurodegenerative diseases.
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