On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for TGF-beta.
Calnexin/CANX is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the calreticulin family. It consists of a large N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail. The function of calnexin is to retain unfolded or unassembled N-linked glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts briefly with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. Calnexin seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins. Calnexin dwindles with aging and might contribute to a cytoprotection in an array of human age-related diseases.
Leptin is a hormone secreted from white adipocytes and plays important role in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin functions via signaling pathways involving OB-R in hypothalamus. In mammals, leptin is mainly produced by the adipose tissue and encodes body fat reserves, acting as a short-term satiety signal. In fish, the presence of a leptin-like peptide was first evidenced by immuno-cross-reactivity, and its existence was certainly demonstrated after the finding by synteny of a leptin sequence in the pufferfish.
Cytotoxic Tlymphocyte 4(CTLA-4,CD152), is a type I transmembrane T cell inhibitory molecule that is a member of the Ig superfamily.CD28 and CTLA-4, together with their ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T and B cell responses. CD28 and CTLA-4 are structurally homologous molecules that are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. Intracellular CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T Cells and may play an important role in their functions. Tcell activation through the Tcell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA4.
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) belongs to the IL-1 family. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a family of polypeptide cytokines consisting of two agonists, IL-1 alpha (IL-1F1) and IL-1 beta (IL-1F2) encoded by two distinct genes and perform identical biological functions. IL-1 stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL-1 proteins are involved in the inflammatory response. It is identified as endogenous pyrogens, and is reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.
IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
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