Interleukin 15 Receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a pleiotropic role in immune development and function, including the positive maintenance of lymphocyte homeostasis. IL-15Rα chain can bind soluble IL-15 and “transpresent” cytokine to the cells, allowing them to respond to IL-15. Soluble IL-15Rα can function as a specific high-affinity IL-15 antagonist. The soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes exhibit a strong agonistic activity which is mediated through membrane-bound IL-15 receptor β and γ heterodimers and enables signaling to cells.
Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a CD8+ T cell-derived cytokine that induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ monocytes and eosinophils. Analysis by gel filtration suggests that, under physiological conditions, human IL-16 exists predominantly as a noncovalently linked multimer, but that some IL-16 may exist as a monomer. However, only the multimeric form appears to possess chemotactic activity, suggesting that receptor cross-linking may be required for activity. IL-16 also induces expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and MHC class II molecules on CD4+ T cells. Human and murine IL-16 show significant cross-species reactivity.
Interleukin-16 stimulates a migratory response in CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. Primes CD4+ T-cells for IL-2 and IL-15 responsiveness. Also induces T-lymphocyte expression of interleukin 2 receptor. Ligand for CD4.
The IL-17 family include IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (also called IL-25), and IL-17F. The family is comprised of at least six proinflammatory cytokines that share a conserved cysteine-knot structure but diverge at the N-terminus. All members of the IL-17 family have a similar protein structure, with four highly conserved cysteine residues critical to their 3-dimensional shape, yet they have no sequence similarity to any other known cytokines. IL-17 family members are glycoproteins secreted as dimers that induce local cytokine production and recruit granulocytes to sites of inflammation. IL-17 is induced by IL-15 and IL-23, mainly in activated CD4+ T cells distinct from Th1 or Th2 cells. IL-17F is the most homologous to IL-17, but is induced only by IL-23 in activated monocytes.
IL17, also known as IL17a, is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-17 family. Cytokines are proteinaceous signaling compounds that are major mediators of the immune response. They control many different cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival/apoptosis but are also involved in several pathophysiological processes including viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Cytokines are synthesized under various stimuli by a variety of cells of both the innate(monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells) and adaptive(T- and B-cells) immune systems. The IL-17 family of cytokines includes six members, IL-17/IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E/IL-25, and IL-17F, which are produced by multiple cell types. IL-17 regulates the activities of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. This cytokine can stimulate the expression of IL6 and cyclooxygenase-2(PTGS2/COX-2), as well as enhance the production of nitric oxide(NO) . High levels of IL-17 are associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis.
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