LIGHT , also known as TNFSF14 or CD258 , is a newly identified member of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF14) that is expressed by activated T lymphocytes , monocytes , granulocytes , spleen cells , and immature dendritic cells. TNFSF14 / LIGHT / CD258 is a type II transmembrane protein that is known to bind 2 membrane-bound TNFSF signaling receptors: HVEM , which is predominantly expressed by T cells , and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) , which is expressed by stromal cells and nonlymphoid hematopoietic cells. TNFSF14 / LIGHT / CD258 also binds to a soluble non-signaling receptor , decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) , which can modulate the function of LIGHT in vivo. TNFSF14 / LIGHT / CD258 can also costimulate T cell responses via HVEM , which is constitutively expressed in most lymphocyte subpopulations , including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition , TNFSF14 / LIGHT / CD258 has been shown to suppress tumor formation in vivo and to induce tumor cell apoptosis via the up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and an increased lymphocyte adhesion to cancer cells. Thus , TNFSF14 / LIGHT / CD258 is being actively investigated as a possible basis for cancer treatment.
May act as receptor for class I MHC antigens.
Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Subfamily A Member 2 (LILRA2) is a single-pass type I membrane protein. LILRA2 is expressed predominantly on monocytes and B cells, and at lower levels on dendritic cells and natural killer cells. LILRA2 contains four Ig-like C2-type domains, with short cytoplasmic domains lacking an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and with transmembrane regions containing a charged arginine residue, may initiate stimulatory cascades. LILRA2 does not bind class I MHC antigens.
LILRA5 is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family. LILR are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains. They are also known as CD85, ILTs and LIR, and can exert immunomodulatory effects on a wide range of immune cells. ILT-11 contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains. It can be detected n tissues of the hematopoietic system, including bone marrow, spleen, lymph node and peripheral leukocytes. Crosslink of ILT-11 on the surface of monocytes has been shown to induce calcium flux and secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, which suggests the roles of this protein in triggering innate immune responses.
Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Subfamily A Member 5 (LILRA5) is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR), comprise a family of activating and inhibitory type immunoreceptors. LILRA5 consists of a 227 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 10 aa cytoplasmic tail. The ECD contains two Ig-like domains and the transmembrane segment contains a positively charged aspartic acid residue which may mediate its association with the signaling molecule, FcR common gamma chain. LILRA5 is expressed by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Cross-linking of LILRA5 on monocytes induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) as well as the anti-inflammatory IL-10. It can be detected in tissues of the hematopoietic system, including bone marrow, spleen, lymph node and peripheral leukocytes. Crosslink of ILT-11 on the surface of monocytes has been shown to induce calcium flux and secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, which suggests the roles of this protein in triggering innate immune responses.
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