Most importantly, placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP), an ectoenzyme that locates on cell surface with catalytic domains outside the plasma membrane and is overexpressed on many cancer cells, dephosphorylate the d-tyrosine phosphates on the surface of the magnetic nanoparticle and enable the magnetic nanoparticles to adhere selectively to the cancer cells, such as HeLa cells. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), encoded by the ALPP gene, is produced by the fetal side of the placenta.
Protein AMBP belongs to the calycin superfamily and Lipocalin family. AMBP can be cleaved into three chains: α-1-microglobulin, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor light chain and trypstatin. AMBP is expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. α-1-microglobulin occurs in many physiological fluids including the plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor is present in the plasma and urine. α-1-microglobulin occurs as a monomer and also in complexes with IgA and albumin, Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor inhibits trypsin, plasmin and lysosomal granulocytic elastase. Trypstatin act as a trypsin inhibitor, exists in a monomer forms and also occurs as a complex with tryptase in mast cells.
Ameloblastin (AMBN) is a member of the Ameloblastin family. AMBN is a secreted protein and is specially expressed in ameloblast, localizing to the Tomes processes of secretory ameloblasts and in the sheath space between rod-interrod enamel Mutations of this protein may be associated with dentinogenesis imperfect and autosomal dominant amylogenesis imperfect. Ameloblastin may play an important role in the formation and mineralization of the enamel matrix. Biochemically, it is classified as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). Its biological role remains largely unknown.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, is produced by granulosa cells (GCs) of preantral and small antral follicles and plays a role in regulating the recruitment of primordial follicles and the FSH-dependent development of follicles. BMP15 up-regulates the transcription of AMH and that the inhibition of p38 MAPK decreases the BMP15-induced expression of AMH and SOX9, suggesting that BMP15 up-regulates the expression of AMH via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and this process involves the SOX9 transcription factor. AMH is widely used for assessing ovarian reserve, and it is particularly convenient, because it is thought to have minimal variability throughout the menstrual cycle. Fetal anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is responsible for normal male sexual differentiation, and circulating AMH is used as a marker of testicular tissue in newborns with disorders of sex development. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) produced in the developing testis induces the regression of the Mullerian duct, which develops into the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina. As well as other hormone receptors, and a decreased ovarian cortex cell proliferation. These results help understand the inhibitory effects of AMH on follicular development.
AMIGO2 contains Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain, 6 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats, 1 LRRCT domain and 1 LRRNT domain. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, AMIGO family. AMIGO2 may mediate homophilic as well as heterophilic cell-cell interaction with AMIGO1 or AMIGO3. It is required for depolarization-dependent survival of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. AMIGO2 may also contribute to signal transduction through its intracellular domain. It may play a role in the tumorigenesis of a subset of gastric adenocarcinomas. AMIGO2 is highly expressed in breast, ovary, cervix, and uterus.
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