Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9), also known as CD137 and 4-1BB, is an inducible T cell surface protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The human and mouse proteins share 60% amino acid sequence identity. CD137 is expressed by mesenchymal cells, including endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and cells of the central nervous system. CD137 is also broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, is broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, including activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, activated natural killer (NK) cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and monocytes. CD137 has diverse roles in the immune response, the one key function is to promote the survival of both T cells and dendritic cells by binding the cognate ligand CD137L (4-1BBL).
CD73, also known as Ecto-5'-nucleotidase, is an ectoenzyme that is attached to the cell membrane by a glycosyl phophatidylinositol anchor. The enzyme is expressed by most cell types. The 5’-Nucleotidase activity of CD73 converts extracellular nucleoside-5’-monophosphates to nucleosides. CD73 is one of several enzymes responsible for the production of extracellular adenosine, a signaling molecule that is involved in responses to inflammation and tissue injury. CD73 hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides into membrane permeable nucleosides.
β-2-Microglobulin (B2M) is a secreted protein with 1 Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain which belongs to the beta-2-microglobulin family. B2M component of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, involved in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. Polymers of beta 2-microglobulin can be found in tissues from patients on long-term hemodialysis. B2M is a protein found on the surface of many cells and plentiful on the surface of white blood cells. Serum B2M concentration is increased in renal diseases, various malignant diseases and some inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. B2M may adopt the fibrillar configuration of amyloid in certain pathologic states. The capacity to assemble into amyloid fibrils is concentration dependent. B2M has been shown as a marker for monitoring inflammatory disease activity and it appears likely to have a destructive role in amyloidosis-related arthritis. B2M might be involved in the OA (osteoarthritis) pathogenesis. Defects in B2M are the cause of hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia. Affected individuals show marked reduction in serum concentrations of immunoglobulin and albumin, probably due to rapid degradation. B2M could be a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
Cynomologous Cluster of Differentiation 80, also called B7-1, is a member of cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily.It is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells including activated B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.CD80 plays key, yet distinct roles in the activation of T cells. B7-1/CD80 and B7-2/CD86, together with their receptors CD28 and CTLA4, constitute one of the dominant co-stimulatory pathways that regulate T- and B- cell responses. CD80 is mostly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells including activated B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Although both CTLA-4 and CD28 can bind to the same ligands, CTLA-4 binds to B7-1 and B7-2 with a 20-100 fold higher affinity than CD28 and is involved in the down-regulation of the immune response. CD80 is thus regarded as promising therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and various carcinomas.
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