PTEN (also designated MMAC1),products of tumor suppressor genes,are found deleted in most human gliomas. The PTEN genes are also mutated in many other tumors,such as brain,breast,kidney and prostate cancers. PTEN is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that may terminate the signaling transduction pathways mediated by PI 3-kinase/Akt. PTEN has an apparent molecular weight of 55 kDa and it is located in the cytosol.
PTGS2, also known as COX-2, is s component of Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). PTGS, also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. PTGS2 is over expressed in many cancers. The overexpression of PTGS2 along with increased angiogenesis and GLUT-1 expression is significantly associated with gallbladder carcinomas. Furthermore the product of COX-2, PGH2 is converted by prostaglandin E2 synthase into PGE2, which in turn can stimulate cancer progression. Consequently inhibiting COX-2 may have benefit in the prevention and treatment of these types of cancer. PTGS2 is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. It mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate and may have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.
Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor(PTH1R) is a multi-pass membrane protein. The protein is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ionhomeostasis through activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. In bone, it is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. When the receptor is activated through PTH binding, osteoblasts express RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB Ligand), which binds to RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB) on osteoclasts. This turns on osteoclasts to ultimately increase the resorption rate.
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family.PTH1R functions as a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP); also called parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).
PTH2, also known as PTRH2, is a mitochondrial protein which belongs to the PTH2 family. PTH 2 is released during apoptosis from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. The natural substrate for PTH 2 may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. When in the cytoplasm, PTRH2 regulates the function of 2 transcriptional regulators, TLE5 and TLE1, thus promoting caspase-independent cell death.
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