Apurinic-Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1) is required for efficient DNA base excision repair. When the DNA glycosylase remove the damaged bases; APE1 cleaves the AP site to allow resynthesis and ligation to complete repair. APE1 stimulates the DNA binding activity of many transcription factors; which participate in cancer promotion and progression. APE1 regulates the redox state of multiple transcription factors; such as c-Jun; c-Fos; NF-kB; p53. APEN is also involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of PTH expression.
The enzyme is known to be a redox factor (Ref-1) stimulating DNA binding activity of AP-1 binding proteins such as Fos and Jun as well as a multifunctional DNA repair enzyme having 5' AP endonuclease; DNA 3' repair diesterase; 3'-5' exonuclease and DNA 3'-phosphatase activities.Although Apex mRNA was expressed ubiquitously; the levels varied significantly; suggesting organ- or tissue-specific expression of the Apex gene. The highest level was observed in the testis; relatively high levels in the thymus; spleen; kidney and brain; and the lowest level in the liver in rats. However; the present results suggested that APEX/Ref-1 gene product can interact with AP-1 binding proteins in brain; especially in the hippocampal formation; to regulate some brain functions by redox-activation.
APLP1, also known as amyloid-like protein 1, is a member of the highly conserved amyloid precursor protein gene family. APLP1 is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that is cleaved by secretases in a manner similar to amyloid beta A4 precursor protein cleavage. APLP1, together with APLP2, are important modulators of glucose. APLP1 may also play a role in synaptic maturation during cortical development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. APLP1 also is a mammalian homologue of amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is a type I membrane protein that is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease.
Amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP-1) is a member of the highly conserved amyloid precursor protein gene family. APLP1 is a membrane-associated glycoprotein that is cleaved by secretases in a manner similar to amyloid beta A4 precursor protein cleavage. APLP1, together with APLP2, are important modulators of glucose. APLP1 may also play a role in synaptic maturation during cortical development, and is genetically linked to Alzheimer'sdisease.
Aminopeptidase N (ANPEP or APN), also known as CD13, is a cell-surface metalloprotease located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, as well as other plasma membranes. It belongs to the peptidase M1 family. CD13 plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases and is involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types. CD13/APN is a potent regulator of angiogenesis which is essential for tumor invasion and metastasis, and its transcription in activated endothelial cells is induced by angiogenic growth factors via the RAS/MAPK pathway. In addition, this enzyme has been shown to participate in antigen processing and presentation, and accordingly, defects in this gene appear to be a cause of various types of leukemia or lymphoma and carcinomas.
ANPEP gene encodes aminopeptidase N (APN) also known as microsomal aminopeptiase, alanyl aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase M, CD13, or membrane protein p161, is a member of the peptidase M1 family. Widely expressed in many cells, tissues and species, APN cleaves the N-terminal amino acids from bioactive peptides, leading to their inactivation or degradation. Probably plays a role in regulating growth and differentiation of early B-lineage cells. It also may play a role in the catabolic pathway of the renin-angiotensin system. It degrades vasoconstricting angiotensin II into angiotensin III and therefore helps to regulate blood pressure.
Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a member of the apolipoprotein family whose members are proteins bind with lipids and form lipoproteins to translate these oil-soluble lipids such as fat and cholesterol through lymphatic and circulatory system. APOA1 is the main component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma and is involved in the esterification of cholesterol as a cofactor of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters, and thus play a major role in cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells. As a major component of the HDL complex, APOA1 helps to clear cholesterol from arteries. APOA1 is also characterized as a prostacyclin stabilizing factor, and thus may have an anticlotting effect. Defects in encoding gene may result in HDL deficiencies, including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. Men carrying a mutation may develop premature coronary artery disease.
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