Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1) belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family, Class II subfamily. It has four different isoforms by alternative splicing. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are gradually expressed during the cell cycle until G2/M phase and then decreased, which Isoform 3 is gradually expressed during the cell cycle until S phase and then decreased. SEPHS1 can be activated by phosphate ions and by potassium ions. It can synthesize synthesizes selenophosphate from selenide and ATP. Selenophosphate is the selenium donor used to synthesize selenocysteine, which is co-translationally incorporated into selenoproteins at in-frame UGA codons.
SRGN is known as a hematopoietic cell granule proteoglycan. Proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of various hematopoietic cells has a protease-resistant peptide core, and is vital for neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes. SRGN is associated with the macromolecular complex of granzymes and perforin, which may serve as a mediator of granule-mediated apoptosis. It is required for storage of some proteases in both connective tissue and mucosal mast cells and for storage of granzyme B in T-lymphocytes. SRGN also plays a role in localizing neutrophil elastase in azurophil granules of neutrophils.
Serpin A10 is a secreted protein that belongs to the serpin family. It is predominantly expressed in the liver and secreted in the plasma. Its phosphorylation sites are present in the extracelllular medium. It inhibits factors Xa and XIa of the coagulation cascade in the presence of protein Z, calcium, and phospholipid. Mutations in SERPINA10 are associated with venous thrombosis.
Serpin A1 is a prototype member of the Serpin superfamily of the serine protease inhibitors. As one of the most abundant proteinase inhibitors in the circulation, it is synthesized in hepatocytes, and to a lesser extent, in macrophages as well as intestinal epithelial cell lines and secreted as the abundant proteinase inhibitor in the circulation whose targets include elastase, plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasminogen activator. Point mutations in the native SerpinA1 variants result in Serpin A1 deficiency, and consequently lead to several clinical complications such as pulmonary emphysema, juvenile hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. For example, the Z variants (Glu342 to Lys) forms intracellular inclusion bodies, is not secreted, and leads to a severe SerpinA1 deficiency. Accordingly, Serpin A1 deficiency in circulation is associated with emphysema or liver disease.
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