Apolipoprotein H (APOH), also known as Beta-2-glycoprotein 1, Activated protein C-binding protein, B2GPI, and B2G1, is a glycoprotein synthesized by liver cells and it is present in the blood associated with plasma lipoproteins. It is an essential cofactor for the binding of certain antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) to anionic phospholipid. APOH binds to various kinds of negatively charged substances such as heparin, phospholipids, and dextran sulfate. APOH may prevent activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation cascade by binding to phospholipids on the surface of damaged cells. The activity of APOH appears to involve the binding of agglutenating, negatively charged compounds, and inhibits agglutenation by the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway. APOH causes a reduction of the prothrombinase binding sites on platelets and reduces the activation caused by collagen when thrombin is present at physiological serum concentrations of APOH suggesting a regulatory role of APOH in coagulation. APOH plasma concentrations are strongly associated to metabolic syndrome alterations and vascular disease in type 2 diabetic and could be considered as a clinical marker of cardiovascular risk. APOH is found on several classes of lipoproteins, and is involved in the activation of lipoprotein lipase in lipid metabolism. This single-chain glycoprotein also has been implicated in several physiologic pathways including coagulation and the production of hypertension, which are related to the pathogenesis of primary cerebral hemorrhage (PICH).
Apolipoprotein A-II(Apo-AII for short), also known as Apolipoprotein A2, is a secreted protein which belongs to the apolipoprotein A2 family. It exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer; and also can form a disulfide-linked heterodimer with APOD. APOA2 is the 2nd most abundant protein of the high density lipoprotein particles. This protein may stabilize HDL (high density lipoprotein) structure by its association with lipids, and affect the HDL metabolism. Defects in APOA2 gene might cause apolipoprotein A-II deficiency or hypercholesterolemia.
Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the Apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. APOA1 is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. APOA1 plays a critical role in various biological processes; such as Cholesterol metabolism; Lipid metabolism and transport; Steroid metabolism. APOA1 promotes cholesterol efflux from tissues to the liver and thus helps to clear cholesterol from arteries. Defects in this gene resulted in HDL deficiencies; including Tangier disease (TGD); systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis; premature coronary artery disease; hepatosplenomegaly and progressive muscle wasting and weakness. In addition; ApoA-I is implicated in the anti-endotoxin function of HDL via interaction with lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin.
Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a member of the apolipoprotein family whose members are proteins bind with lipids and form lipoproteins to translate these oil-soluble lipids such as fat and cholesterol through lymphatic and circulatory system. APOA1 is the main component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma and is involved in the esterification of cholesterol as a cofactor of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters, and thus play a major role in cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells. As a major component of the HDL complex, APOA1 helps to clear cholesterol from arteries. APOA1 is also characterized as a prostacyclin stabilizing factor, and thus may have an anticlotting effect. Defects in encoding gene may result in HDL deficiencies, including Tangier disease, and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. Men carrying a mutation may develop premature coronary artery disease.
Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a member of the apolipoprotein family whose members are proteins bind with lipids and form lipoproteins to translate these oil-soluble lipids such as fat and cholesterol through lymphatic and circulatory system. APOA1 is the main component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma and is involved in the esterification of cholesterol as a cofactor of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) which is responsible for the formation of most plasma cholesteryl esters; and thus play a major role in cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells. As a major component of the HDL complex; APOA1 helps to clear cholesterol from arteries. APOA1 is also characterized as a prostacyclin stabilizing factor; and thus may have an anticlotting effect. Defects in encoding gene may result in HDL deficiencies; including Tangier disease; and with systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis. Men carrying a mutation may develop premature coronary artery disease.
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