Tripartite motif-containing Motif 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM5 gene.It is a 493 amino acids protein that belongs to the TRIM/RBCC family.It contains 1 B box-type zinc finger, 1 B30.2/SPRY domain and 1 RING-type zinc finger. TRIM5 present in the cytoplasm recognizes motifs within the capsid proteins and interferes with the uncoating process, therefore preventing successful reverse transcription and transport to the nucleus of the viral genome. The exact mechanism of action has not been shown conclusively, but capsid protein from restricted viruses is removed by proteasome-dependent degradation
T-Cell Receptor-Associated Transmembrane Adapter 1 (TRAT1) is a single-pass type III membrane protein. TRAT1 exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer and is strongly expressed in the thymus, and to a lesser extent in the spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. TRAT1 is phosphorylated on tyrosines by LCK or FYN upon TCR activation. Its function is to stabilizes the TCR (T-cell antigen receptor)/CD3 complex at the surface of T-cells.
TRKA is a member of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTKR) family. It is a membrane-bound receptor that, upon neurotrophin binding, phosphorylates itself and members of the MAPK pathway. Isoform TrkA-III promotes angiogenesis and has oncogenic activity when overexpressed. Isoform TrkA-I is found in most non-neuronal tissues. Isoform TrkA-II is primarily expressed in neuronal cells. TrkA-III is specifically expressed by pluripotent neural stem and neural crest progenitors. The presence of NTRK1 leads to cell differentiation and may play a role in specifying sensory neuron subtypes. Mutations in TRKA gene have been associated with congenital insensitivity to pain, anhidrosis, self-mutilating behavior, mental retardation and cancer. It was originally identified as an oncogene as it is commonly mutated in cancers, particularly colon and thyroid carcinomas. TRKA is required for high-affinity binding to nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Known substrates for the Trk receptors are SHC1, PI 3-kinase, and PLC-gamma-1. NTRK1 has a crucial role in the development and function of the nociceptive reception system as well as establishment of thermal regulation via sweating. It also activates ERK1 by either SHC1- or PLC-gamma-1-dependent signaling pathway. Defects in NTRK1 are a cause of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis and thyroid papillary carcinoma.
The TRK Family of Tyrosine Kinase Receptor consists of 3 members: TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. The three TRK family proteins have different ligand specificities. They connect to different neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, NT-3NT-4/5. TRKA binds NGF, TRKB binds BDNF and NT-3, TRKC binds NT-4/5. At the protein sequence level, human and rat TRKB have greater than 90% sequence identity and the proteins exbihit cross-species activity. TRKB is primarily expressed in the nervous system and it also expression in a wide variety of tissues with low levels.
NT-3 growth factor receptor also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 or TrkC tyrosine kinase or Trk-C receptor, is a member of the neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) family. This kinase is a membrane-bound receptor that, upon neurotrophin binding, phosphorylates itself and members of the MAPK pathway. TrkC/NTRK3 is widely expressed in the developing and adult nervous system. In later embryonic development, TrkC/NTRK3 is expressed in various structures of the CNS including the caudatoputamen, septal nuclei, cerebellum, and brainstem. Other neurotrophins include nerve growth factor(NGF), neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4. In the PNS, trkC hybridization appears to correlate, both temporally and spatially, with the outgrowth of axons toward their peripheral targets. TrkC/NTRK3 is widely expressed in the three identified branches of the mammalian nervous system and appears to correlate with the expression of NT-3, its cognate ligand. The apparent colocalization of trkC transcripts with NT-3 raises the possibility this neurotrophin exerts its trophic effects by a paracrine and/or autocrine mechanism. Signalling through this kinase leads to cell differentiation and may play a role in the development of proprioceptive neurons that sense body position. Mutations in TrkC encoding gene have been associated with medulloblastomas, secretory breast carcinomas and other cancers.
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