WWP2 contains 1 C2 domain, 1 HECT (E6AP-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase) domain and 4 WW domains. It is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. WWP2 can be detected in heart, throughout the brain, placenta, lung, liver, muscle, kidney and pancreas. It is also expressed in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes. WWP2 polyubiquitinates POU5F1 by 'Lys-63'-linked conjugation and promotes it to proteasomal degradation; in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) the ubiquitination is proposed to regulate POU5F1 protein level. WWP2 ubiquitinates EGR2 and promotes it to proteasomal degradation; in T-cells the ubiquitination inhibits activation-induced cell death. It also ubiquitinates SLC11A2; the ubiquitination is enhanced by presence of NDFIP1 and NDFIP2. WWP2 ubiquitinates RPB1 and promotes it to proteasomal degradation.
This antimicrobial gene encodes a member of the chemokine superfamily. Chemokines function in inflammatory and immunological responses, inducing leukocyte migration and activation. The encoded protein is a member of the C-chemokine subfamily, retaining only two of four cysteines conserved in other chemokines, and is thoμght to be specifically chemotactic for T cells. This gene and a closely related family member are located on the long arm of chromosome 1.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 27, also known as X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor, EDA-A2 receptor, EDA2R, XEDAR and TNFRSF27, is a single-pass type III membrane protein. TNFRSF27 / EDA2R contains threeTNFR-Cys repeats. It is a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that has been shown to be highly expressed in ectodermal derivatives during embryonic development and binds to ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2). TNFRSF27 / EDA2R is a receptor for EDA isoform A2, but not for EDA isoform A1. TNFRSF27 / EDA2R mediates the activation of the NF-kappa-B and JNK pathways. The activation seems to be mediated by binding to TRAF3 and TRAF6. Ectodysplasin, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is encoded by the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia EDA gene. Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are two isoforms of ectodysplasin that differ only by an insertion of two amino acids. This insertion functions to determine receptor binding specificity, such that EDA-A1 binds only the receptor EDAR, whereas EDA-A2 binds only the related, but distinct, X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor (XEDAR).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP / BIRC4, also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, and IAP-like protein, is a protein that belongs to a family of apoptotic suppressor proteins. Members of this family share a conserved motif termed, baculovirus IAP repeat, which is necessary for their anti-apoptotic function. XIAP / BIRC4 functions through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2 and inhibits apoptosis induced by menadione, a potent inducer of free radicals, and interleukin 1-beta converting enzyme. XIAP / BIRC4 also inhibits at least two members of the caspase family of cell-death proteases, caspase-3 and caspase-7. Mutations in this encoding gene are the cause of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Thought to be the most potent apoptosis suppressor, XIAP / BIRC4, directly binds and inhibits caspases -3, -7 and -9. Survivin, which also binds to several caspases, is up-regulated in a many tumour cell types. Defects in XIAP / BIRC4 are the cause of lymphoproliferative syndrome X-linked type 2 (XLP2). XLP is a rare immunodeficiency characterized by extreme susceptibility to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Symptoms include severe or fatal mononucleosis, acquired hypogammaglobulinemia, pancytopenia and malignant lymphoma.
XIAP (X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis) is a member of the apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins that inhibit caspases. The BIR2 domain of XIAP inhibits caspase-3 and caspase-7. The ability of XIAP to inhibit caspases is prevented by SMAC/Diablo through binding to XIAP-BIR2 and-BIR3 domains.
Aminopeptidase P (APP) is a hydrolase specific for N-terminal imido bonds; which are common to several collagen degradation products; neuropeptides; vasoactive peptides; and cytokines. A membrane-bound and soluble form of this enzyme (XPNPEP2) have been identified as products of two separate genes. XPNPEP2; the X-linked gene that encodes membranous aminopeptidase P (APP); has been reported to associate with APP activity. The membrane aminopeptidase P (XPNPEP2) is largely limited in distribution to endothelia and brush border epithelia. APP and XPNPEP2 contain homologous blocks of sequence common to members of the "pita bread-fold" protein family; of which Escherichia coli methionine aminopeptidase is the prototype. The C-2399A variant in XPNPEP2 is associated with reduced APP activity and a higher incidence of AE-ACEi. XPNPEP2 mRNA was detected in fibroblasts that carry the translocation; suggesting that this gene at least partially escapes X inactivation. XPNPEP2 is a candidate gene for premature ovarian failure (POF).
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