ACVR2A and ACVR2B are two activin type II receptors. ACVR2B is integral to the activin and myostatin signaling pathway. Ligands such as activin and myostatin bind to ACVR2A and ACVR2B. Myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, is regarded as a potential therapeutic target and binds to ACVR2B effectively, and to a lesser extent, to ACVR2A. The structure of human ACVR2B kinase domain in complex with adenine establishes the conserved bilobal architecture consistent with all other catalytic kinase domains. Haplotype structure at the ACVR2B and follistatin loci may contribute to interindividual variation in skeletal muscle mass and strength. Defects in ACVR2B are a cause of left-right axis malformations.
ACVR2A and ACVR2B are two activin type II receptors. ACVR2A has been shown to interact with INHBA, SYNJ2BP and ACVR1B. The bovine ACVR2A gene encodes a protein of 513 amino acids which is highly homologous (approximately 98% identity) to the rat, mouse, and human ACVR2A proteins. Inactivation of ACVR2A is a common event in prostate cancer cells suggesting it may play an important role in the development of prostate cancer. The ACVR2A gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in microsatellite-unstable colon cancers (MSI-H colon cancers). Frameshift mutation of ACVR2A may contribute to MSI-H colon tumorigenesis via disruption of alternate TGF-beta effector pathways.
This gene encodes a type I cell-surface receptor for the TGF-beta superfamily of ligands. It shares with an other type I receptors a high degree of similarity in serine-threonine kinase subdomains, a glycine-and serine-rich region (called the GS domain) preceding the kinase domain, and a short C-terminal tail. The encoded protein, sometimes termed ALK1, shares similar domain structures with an other closely related ALK or activin receptor-like kinase proteins that form a subfamily of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Mutations in this gene are associated with an hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2, also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome 2.
Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1), a metalloenzyme that removes amide-linked ACY1 groups from amino acids and may play a role in regulating responses to oxidative stress. Both the C-terminal fragment found in the two-hybrid screen and full-length ACY1 co-immunoprecipitate with SphK1. Though both C-terminal and full-length proteins slightly reduce SphK1 activity measured in vitro, the C-terminal fragment inhibits while full-length ACY1 potentiates the effects of SphK1 on proliferation and apoptosis. It suggested that ACY1 physically interacts with SphK1 and may influence its physiological functions. As a homodimeric zinc-binding enzyme, Aminoacylase 1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of N alpha-acylated amino acids. Deficiency of Aminoacylase 1 due to mutations in the Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) gene follows an autosomal-recessive trait of inheritance and is characterized by accumulation of N-acetyl amino acids in the urine.
ADAM15, also known as Metargidin, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease Domain) family of proteins and is widely expressed in different tissues and cell types. Members of this family contain an amino-terminal metalloprotease domain followed by a disintegrin domain, a cysteine-rich region and a membrane proximal EGF-like domain. The disintegrin domain of ADAM15/metargidin contains an RGD tripeptide sequence, suggesting that it may potentially interact with the integrin family of proteins. ADAM15 is a transmembrane multi-domain proteins implicated in proteolysis, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in various disease conditions. There is also evidence supporting a role for ADAM15 in angiogenesis and angioinvasion of tumor cells, which are critical for unrestrained tumor growth and metastatic spread. Given its diverse functions, ADAM15 may represent a pivotal regulatory component of tumor progression, an important target for therapeutic intervention, or emerge as a biomarker of disease progression.
The cluster of differentiation (CD) system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping. Different kinds of cells in the immune system can be identified through the surface CD molecules which associating with the immune function of the cell. There are more than 32 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. Some of the CD molecules serve as receptors or ligands important to the cell through initiating a signal cascade which then alter the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not take part in cell signal process but have other functions such as cell adhesion. The CD97 is a receptor predominantly expressed in leukocytes and belongs to a new group of seven-span transmembrane molecules, which is also designed EGF-TM7 family. The family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with several N-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domains two of which contain a calcium-binding site. Mature CD 97 has two noncovalently associated subunits and is composed of a large extracellular protein (CD97 alpha) and a seven-membrane spanning protein (CD97 beta). CD97 is considered as a defining feature of G protein-coupled receptors. The effects that lymphocytes and erythrocytes adhere to CD97-transfected COS cells suggest that CD97 has the ability to bind cellular ligands. CD97 alpha has three alternatively spliced isoforms that are related to the calcium-binding EGF-like repeats in the microfibril protein fibrillin. Leukocytes strongly positive for CD97 are concentrated at sites of inflammation relative to CD97 expression in normal lymphoid tissues.
Inserisci la tua e-mail e seleziona le aree di interesse per ricevere le ultime novità, approfondimenti e promozioni.
Seleziona uno o più ambiti di interesse per ricevere comunicazioni più utili e mirate.
2025 TEMA Ricerca - All Rights Reserved.
