Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family. It is also known as APRIL, TALL2, TRDL1, and CD256. It is synthesized as a 32 kDa proprotein which is cleaved by furin in the Golgi to release the active 17 kDa soluble molecule. TNFSF13 is a Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF13B/TACI and to TNFRSF17/BCMA and plays a role in the regulation of tumor cell growth. It expressed at high levels in transformed cell lines, cancers of colon, thyroid, lymphoid tissues and specifically expressed in monocytes and macrophages. Its expression by CD4+ T cells inhibits the production of Th2 cytokines and allergic inflammation.
TNFSF13 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. It is a ligand for TNFRSF17/BCMA. TNFSF13 is lowly expressed in normal tissues, but is elevated in several types of tumors and transformed cell lines. It is important for B cell development. TNFSF13 may also play a role in T-independent type II antigen responses and T cell survival, and induce proliferation/survival of non lymphoid cells. It exists as a functional homotrimer. It can bind to two cell surface receptors, BCMA and TACI, which it shares with BAFF to exert downstream T-and B-cell regulatory effects. TNFSF13 also has been demonstrated to bind to proteoglycans on the cell surface.
Arginase is the focal enzyme of the urea cycle hydrolysing L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. Emerging studies have identified arginase in the vasculature and have implicated this enzyme in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and the development of vascular disease. Arginase also redirects the metabolism of L-arginine to L-ornithine and the formation of polyamines and L-proline, which are essential for smooth muscle cell growth and collagen synthesis. Arginase is encoded by two recently discovered genes (Arginase I and Arginase II). In most mammals, Arginase 1 (ARG1) also known as Arginase, liver, which functions in the urea cycle, and is located primarily in the cytoplasm of the liver. The second isozyme, Arginase II, has been implicated in the regulation of the arginine/ornithine concentrations in the cell. It is located in mitochondria of several tissues in the body, with most abundance in the kidney and prostate. It may be found at lower levels in macrophages, lactating mammary glands, and brain.
ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (Dombrock blood group), also known as Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4(ART4), Dombrock blood group carrier molecule and CD297, is a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. ADP-ribosyltransferase catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of arginine residues in proteins. Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins that is interfered with by a variety of bacterial toxins including cholera, pertussis, and heat-labile enterotoxins of E. coli. ART4 could be detected on HEL cells and erythrocytes by FACS analysis while it was absent from activated monocytes, despite the presence of ART4 mRNA in these cells. ART is also known as the carrier of the Dombrock blood group alloantigens (Do) which is glycosylphosphatidylinosotol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane.
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