Growth hormone receptor, also known as GH receptor and GHR, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to thetype I cytokine receptor family and type 1 subfamily. GHR contains onefibronectin type-III domain. Growth hormone receptor / GHR is expressed in various tissues with high expression in liver and skeletal muscle. Isoform4of GHR is predominantly expressed in kidney, bladder, adrenal gland and brain stem. Isoform1 expression of GHR in placenta is predominant in chorion and decidua. Isoform4is highly expressed in placental villi. Isoform2of GHR is expressed in lung, stomach and muscle. Growth hormone receptor / GHR is a receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone. It is involved in regulating postnatal body growth. On ligand binding, it couples to the JAK2 / STAT5 pathway. Isoform2of GHR up-regulates the production of GHBP and acts as a negative inhibitor of GH signaling. Defects in GHR are a cause of Laron syndrome (LARS) which is a severe form of growth hormone insensitivity characterized by growth impairment, short stature, dysfunctional growth hormone receptor, and failure to generate insulin-like growth factor I in response to growth hormone. Defects in GHR may also be a cause of idiopathic short stature autosomal (ISSA) which is defined by a subnormal rate of growth.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18(Gitr) contains 3 TNFR-Cys repeats and it have four isforms.IsformA、isformB and isformC is single-pass type I membrane protein and isformD is a secreted protein. The protein is the receptor for TNFSF18.It seems to be involved in interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and in the regulation of T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. It mediated NF-kappa-B activation via the TRAF2/NIK pathway.It binds to TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3, but not TRAF5 and TRAF6 and binds through its C-terminus to SIVA1/SIVA.It preferentially expressed in activated T lymphocytes and up-regulated in peripherical mononuclear cells after antigen stimulation/lymphocyte activation.
GITR, also known as TNFRSF18(CD357), belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily. It is the receptor for TNFSF18. GITR plays a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells. GITR may be involved in interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and in the regulation of T-cell receptor-mediated cell death. GITR and its ligand are important costimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It also mediates NF-kappa-B activation via the TRAF2/NIK pathway.
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