ICAM-2 is a 55-65 kD transmembrane glycoprotein possessing 2 extracellular Ig domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a short 26-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. ICAM-2 is expressed on most leukocytes, and is strongly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. Interactions of ICAM-2 and the integrin receptors mediate cell adhesion in a wide range of lymphocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, and granulocytewith other cells, and play important roles in many adhesion-dependent immune and inflammation responses, such as T cell aggregation, NK-cell cytotoxicity and migration, lymphocyte recirculation, etc. Serum levels of ICAM-2 correlated significantly with the inflammatory and course sequences of trichinosis in mice and had a similar relation with blood eosinophilia. So, estimation of ICAM-2 serum levels may prove useful in diagnosis of trichinosis recent infections, and in monitoring the prognosis and response to treatment.
ICAM proteins are ligands for the leukocyte adhesion protein LFA-1 (integrin alpha-L/beta-2.
Inducible costimulator (ICOS), also called AILIM (activiation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule) is a cell-surface receptor, and belongs to the CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors consisting of CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. The interaction of B7-H2/ICOS plays a critical role in Th cell differentiation, T−B cell interactions which is essential for germinal center formation, and humoral immune responses, and as well as the production of cytokine IL-4. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, a cytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells. The B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway provides key second signals that can regulate the activation, inhibition and fine-tuning of T-lymphocyte responses. ICOS stimulates both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but may have a preferential role in Th2 cell development. Moreover, The B7-1/B7-2-CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway has been suggested of being involved in the development of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
Inducible Costimulator(ICOS) is a member of the growing CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors. Other family members are CD28, CTLA4 and PD1. ICOS shares approximately 39% amino acid similarity with CD 28 and CTLA4. Mouse and human ICOS share approximately 72% amino acid identity. ICOS is expressed on most CD45RO+ cells. ICOS expression is up-regulated within approximately 24-48 hours of activation on Th primed cells. B7-H2, a member of the B7 family of costimulatory ligands, has been identified as the ICOS ligand. The B7-H2/ ICOS interaction appears to play roles in T cell dependent B cell activation and Th differentiation. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, acytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells.
Inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), also known as B7-H2, is a member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7-1 and B7-2. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein with extracellular IgV and IgC domains, and binds to ICOS on activated T cells, thus delivers a positive costimulatory signal for optimal T cell function. The structural features of ICOSL are crucial for its costimulatory function. Present study shows that ICOSL displays a marked oligomerization potential, resembling more like B7-1 than B7-2. B7-H2-dependent signaling may play an active role in a proliferative response rather than in cytokine and chemokine production. The CD28/B7 and ICOS/B7-H2 pathways are both critical for costimulating T cell immune responses. Deficiency in either pathway results in defective T cell activation, cytokine production and germinal center formation.
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