ICAM-2 is a 55-65 kD transmembrane glycoprotein possessing 2 extracellular Ig domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a short 26-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. ICAM-2 is expressed on most leukocytes, and is strongly expressed on vascular endothelial cells. Interactions of ICAM-2 and the integrin receptors mediate cell adhesion in a wide range of lymphocyte, monocyte, natural killer cell, and granulocytewith other cells, and play important roles in many adhesion-dependent immune and inflammation responses, such as T cell aggregation, NK-cell cytotoxicity and migration, lymphocyte recirculation, etc. Serum levels of ICAM-2 correlated significantly with the inflammatory and course sequences of trichinosis in mice and had a similar relation with blood eosinophilia. So, estimation of ICAM-2 serum levels may prove useful in diagnosis of trichinosis recent infections, and in monitoring the prognosis and response to treatment.
ICAM proteins are ligands for the leukocyte adhesion protein LFA-1 (integrin alpha-L/beta-2.
Inducible costimulator (ICOS), also called AILIM (activiation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule) is a cell-surface receptor, and belongs to the CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors consisting of CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1. The interaction of B7-H2/ICOS plays a critical role in Th cell differentiation, T−B cell interactions which is essential for germinal center formation, and humoral immune responses, and as well as the production of cytokine IL-4. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, a cytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells. The B7-1/B7-2--CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway provides key second signals that can regulate the activation, inhibition and fine-tuning of T-lymphocyte responses. ICOS stimulates both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but may have a preferential role in Th2 cell development. Moreover, The B7-1/B7-2-CD28/CTLA-4 and ICOS-B7RP-1 pathway has been suggested of being involved in the development of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
Inducible Costimulator(ICOS) is a member of the growing CD28 family of immune costimulatory receptors. Other family members are CD28, CTLA4 and PD1. ICOS shares approximately 39% amino acid similarity with CD 28 and CTLA4. Mouse and human ICOS share approximately 72% amino acid identity. ICOS is expressed on most CD45RO+ cells. ICOS expression is up-regulated within approximately 24-48 hours of activation on Th primed cells. B7-H2, a member of the B7 family of costimulatory ligands, has been identified as the ICOS ligand. The B7-H2/ ICOS interaction appears to play roles in T cell dependent B cell activation and Th differentiation. In addition, ICOS is more potent in the induction of IL-10 production, acytokine important for suppressive function of T regulatory cells.
Inducible co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), also known as B7-H2, is a member of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7-1 and B7-2. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein with extracellular IgV and IgC domains, and binds to ICOS on activated T cells, thus delivers a positive costimulatory signal for optimal T cell function. The structural features of ICOSL are crucial for its costimulatory function. Present study shows that ICOSL displays a marked oligomerization potential, resembling more like B7-1 than B7-2. B7-H2-dependent signaling may play an active role in a proliferative response rather than in cytokine and chemokine production. The CD28/B7 and ICOS/B7-H2 pathways are both critical for costimulating T cell immune responses. Deficiency in either pathway results in defective T cell activation, cytokine production and germinal center formation.
Mouse ICOS ligand(B7-H2) is an approximately transmembrane glycoprotein in the B7 family of immune regulatory molecules. B7-H2 is expressed on antigen presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. It binds to ICOS on activated T cells, leading to both positive and negative effects on immune responses including its own down-regulation. The B7-H2 interaction with ICOS is costimulatory for T cell proliferation as well as the development of B cells, plasma cells, follicular helper T cells and germinal centers. B7-H2 contributes to the development of allergic asthma by enhancing Th2 biased immune responses, limiting Th17 responses, and promoting eosinophilic infiltration into the lung. Its activation of ICOS on Treg limits pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, promotes the development of inhalational tolerance, and impairs antitumor immunity. In the thyroid, B7-H2 is up-regulated on thyrocytes during inflammation and promotes their proliferation and production of thryoid hormones.
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