Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (Il1rn), also known as IL-1ra, IRAP or IL1 inhibitor, is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This protein inhibits the activities of interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. The mouse Il1rn gene encodes a 178 amino acids (aa) protein with a 26 aa signal peptide. Mouse Il1rn protein shares 26% and 19% identity with its homologues IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha, respectively. Il1rn can Inhibits the activity of interleukin-1 by binding to receptor IL1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL1RAP for signaling, but has no interleukin-1 like activity. Recently, an recombinant human Il1rn protein is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease in which IL-1 plays a key role.
Interleukin-1 receptor-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RL2 gene, belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family.IL1RL2 is the receptor for interleukin-36 (IL36A, IL36B and IL36G). After binding to interleukin-36 associates with the coreceptor IL1RAP to form the interleukin-36 receptor complex which mediates interleukin-36-dependent activation of NF-kappa-B, MAPK and other pathways.
ST2, also called IL-1 R4, is an Interleukin-1 receptor family glycoprotein that plays a role in Th2 immune responses. ST2 is expressed on the surface of mast cells, activated Th2 cells, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes. This receptor is very similar to the IL-1 receptor type I and the IL-18 receptor α chain in that ST2 also has three extracellular Ig domains and an intracellular Toll domain. ST2 binds IL-33, enhances inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. ST2 exists as either a membrane bound form (ST2L) or as a soluble form (sST2). ST2L acts as a transmembrane signalling receptor for IL-33 by mediating the effect of IL-33 on the inflammatory process, while sST2 can suppress IL-33 activity.
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