Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons, and is suggested as a regulator of synapse formation and neural plasticity. APP can be processed by two different proteolytic pathways. In one pathway, APP is cleaved by β- and γ-secretase to produce the amyloid-β-protein (Aβ, Abeta, beta-amyloid) which is the principal component of the amyloid plaques, the major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while in the other pathway, α-secretase is involved in the cleavage of APP whose product exerts antiamyloidogenic effect and prevention of the Aβ peptide formation. The aberrant accumulation of aggregated beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) as plaques is a hallmark of AD neuropathology and reduction of Abeta has become a leading direction of emerging experimental therapies for the disease. Abeta may be part of a mechanism controlling synaptic activity, acting as a positive regulator presynaptically and a negative regulator postsynaptically. The pathological accumulation of oligomeric Abeta assemblies depresses excitatory transmission at the synaptic level, but also triggers aberrant patterns of neuronal circuit activity and epileptiform discharges at the network level. There is evidence that beta-amyloid can impair blood vessel function. Vascular beta-amyloid deposition, also known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy, is associated with vascular dysfunction in animal and human studies.
beta-Catenin, also known as CTNNB1, is a member of the armadillo family of proteins. These proteins have multiple copies of the so-called armadillo repeat domain, which is specialized for protein-protein binding. It is part of a complex of proteins that constitute adherens junctions (AJs). AJs are necessary for the creation and maintenance of epithelial cell layers by regulating cell growth and adhesion between cells. CTNNB1 also anchors the actin cytoskeleton and may be responsible for transmitting the contact inhibition signal that causes cells to stop dividing once the epithelial sheet is complete. Finally, beta-Catenin binds to the product of the APC gene, which is mutated in adenomatous polyposis of the colon. Defects in beta-Catenin can cause colorectal cancer, pilomatrixoma (PTR), medulloblastoma, and ovarian cancer. CTNNB1 is a key dowstream component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, it forms a complex with AXIN1, AXIN2, APC, CSNK1A1 and GSK3B that promotes phosphorylation on N-terminal Ser and Thr residues and ubiquitination of CTNNB1 via BTRC and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In the presence of Wnt ligand, beta-Catenin is not ubiquitinated and accumulates in the nucleus, where it acts as a coactivator for transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family, leading to activate Wnt responsive genes. CTNNB1 is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion. The majority of CTNNB1 is localized to the cell membrane and is part of E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complexes which are proposed to couple cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton.
Betacellulin(Betacellulin/BTC) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. These soluble proteins are ligands for one or more of the four receptor tyrosine kinases encoded by the ErbB gene family (ErbB-1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), neu/ErbB-2/HER2, ErbB-3/HER3 and ErbB-4/HER4). Betacellulin is a 32-kilodalton glycoprotein that appears to be processed from a larger transmembrane precursor by proteolytic cleavage. This protein is a ligand for the EGF receptor. Betacellulin/BTC is a polymer of about 62-111 amino acid residues. Secondary Structure: 6% helical (1 helices, 3 residues)36% beta sheet (5 strands, 18 residues). Betacellulin/BTC was originally identified as a growth-promoting factor in mouse pancreatic β-cell carcinoma cell line and has since been identified in humans. It plays a role in the growth and development of the neonate and/or mammary gland function. Betacellulin is a potent mitogen for retinal pigment epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
Human beta-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) encoded by the GUSB gene is a lysosomal hydrolase involved in the stepwise degradation of glucuronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans that include heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. The enzyme is only active on the glucuronic acid of the non-reducing end. The native protein has been reported as a tetrameric glycoprotein composed of identical subunits. Mutations in the GUSB gene are linked to mucopolysaccharidosis type VII. Accumulation of partially degraded glycosaminoglycans, with glucuronic acid residues at the non-reducing termini, are usually found in the lysosomes of patients with the disease. It has also been reported that this enzyme may contribute to the depletion of chondroitin from cartilage and thereby facilitate the damage of joints in rheumatoid arthritis.
FGF-basic is a members of the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) family.The family constitutes a large family of proteins involved in many aspects of development including cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. They act on several cell types to regulate diverse physiologic functions including angiogenesis, cell growth, pattern formation, embryonic development, metabolic regulation, cell migration, neurotrophic effects, and tissue repair. FGF-basic is a non-glycosylated heparin binding growth factor that is expressed in the brain, pituitary, kidney, retina, bone, testis, adrenal gland liver, monocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. FGF-basic signals through FGFR 1b, 1c, 2c, 3c and 4.
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