Interleukin-28B; also known as Cytokine Zcyto22; Interferon lambda-3; Interferon lambda-4; IFNL3; IFNL4; ZCYTO22 and IL28B; is a secreted cytokine which belongs to the IL-28/IL-29 family. IL-28 has also been shown to play a role in the adaptive immune response. IL28B has immunomodulatory activity and up-regulates MHC class I antigen expression. IL28B displays potent antiviral activity and antitumor activity. In addition; IL28B is a ligand for the heterodimeric class II cytokine receptor composed of IL10RB and IL28RA. The ligand/receptor complex seems to signal through the Jak-STAT pathway.
IL2 is a secreted cytokine involved in the operation and regulation of immune system. IL2 plays a pivotal role in T-cell activation and effector functions,including T cell proliferation,interferon-γproduction and cytotoxicity. IL2 can stimulate the propagation of lymphocytes and induce the cytotoxic T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated killer cells for tumor cells. IL2 also influences memory T cell homeostasis through the regulation of memory T cell numbers and enhances major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) expression on tumor cells.
The interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), also called CD25, is a type I transmembrane protein that presents on activated T cells, activated B cells, some thymocytes, myeloid precursors, and oligodendrocytes. IL2RA is a member of cytokine receptors family that utilizes the common gamma chain subunit (γc). IL2RA is expressed in most B-cell neoplasms, some acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, neuroblastomas, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. IL2RA associates with IL2RB (CD122) to form a heterodimer that can act as a high-affinity receptor for IL-2.
CD25 (alpha-chain of IL-2 receptor, or IL2RA), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic domain. IL2RA is expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T cells, and is capable of binding IL2 with low affinity by itself. However, a ligand-induced high affinity heterotrimeric receptor complex is produced when IL2RA is associated non-covelently with the IL2 receptor beta and gamma chain, and subsequently initiates the intacellular signal pathways such as MAPK or JAK/STAT. On dendritic cells (DC), CD25 has been previously regarded as an activation marker, while both murine and human DC can express CD25, they do not express the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, which is indispensable for the execution of IL-2 signaling. The IL2RA (CD25) gene is a substantial component of the high-affinity receptor molecule highly expressed by activated T lymphocytes. Recently, a strong evidence was obtained for the involvement of IL-2RA in conferring susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cancer growth and development is associated with the stimulation of the innate immune system, including enhanced interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in immune cells and its shedding into the circulation in a soluble form of sIL-2Ralpha. In most haematological malignancies, including different types of leukaemias and lymphomas, sIL-2Ralpha has been found to be released directly from the surface of neoplastic cells thus reflecting the tumour bulk, turnover and activity.
CD25 (alpha-chain of the IL-2 receptor, or IL2RA), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic domain. IL2RA is expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T cells and is capable of binding IL2 with low affinity by itself. However, a ligand-induced high-affinity heterotrimeric receptor complex is produced when IL2RA is associated non-covalently with the IL2 receptor beta and gamma chain, and subsequently initiates the intracellular signal pathways such as MAPK or JAK/STAT. On dendritic cells (DC), CD25 has been previously regarded as an activation marker, while both murine and human DC can express CD25, they do not express the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, which is indispensable for the execution of IL-2 signaling. The IL2RA (CD25) gene is a substantial component of the high-affinity receptor molecule highly expressed by activated T lymphocytes. Recently, a piece of strong evidence was obtained for the involvement of IL-2RA in conferring susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cancer growth and development are associated with the stimulation of the innate immune system, including enhanced interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in immune cells and its shedding into the circulation in a soluble form of SIL-2Ralpha. In most hematological malignancies, including different types of leukemias and lymphomas, SIL-2Ralpha is released directly from the surface of neoplastic cells thus reflecting the tumor bulk, turnover, and activity. Several studies have proved that not only lymphoid cancer cells but also some non-lymphoid cancer cells, express IL-2R on their surface. They include malignant melanoma and carcinomas of the kidney, head and neck, esophagus, and lung. Thus, sIL-2Ralpha is elevated in most proliferative disturbances of the hematopoietic system and many solid tumors.
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